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. 2021 Mar 20;12:197. doi: 10.1186/s13287-021-02266-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — There are four potential strategies for improving the therapeutic effects of stem/progenitor cell-based therapy, including preconditioning, application of biomaterials, bioactive molecules, and bioengineering. Preconditioning mainly includes hypoxia, genetic modification, and administration with cytokines or chemical compounds. Biomaterials include hydrogels, biomaterial matrix, and other novel materials. The application of the bioactive molecules and EVs secreted by stem/progenitor cells is also helpful. And the application of dECM scaffold and ESCs or iPSCs to regenerate a functional whole organ is a prospective strategy in the future