Table 2.
Sociodemographic characteristics of the study population by sex (KNHANES 2013–2017)
| Men | Women | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | No | Yes | p† | Total | No | Yes | p† | |||||
| N | n | (%)a | n | (%)a | N | n | (%)a | n | (%)a | |||
| Total | 18,216,345 | 16,685,501 | 91.6 | 1,530,845 | 8.4 | 18,942,760 | 16,397,734 | 86.6 | 2,545,026 | 13.4 | ||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||
| 19–39 | 7,134,247 | 6,454,879 | 90.5 | 679,368 | 9.5 | .002 | 6,729,728 | 5,815,876 | 86.4 | 913,851 | 13.6 | < .001 |
| 40–59 | 7,397,520 | 6,797,499 | 91.9 | 600,021 | 8.1 | 7,574,482 | 6,690,238 | 88.3 | 884,244 | 11.7 | ||
| ≥ 60 | 3,684,579 | 3,433,123 | 93.2 | 251,456 | 6.8 | 4,638,551 | 3,891,620 | 83.9 | 746,931 | 16.1 | ||
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
| Married and cohabiting | 12,153,503 | 11,199,408 | 92.1 | 954,095 | 7.9 | .005 | 12,472,117 | 10,964,171 | 87.9 | 1,507,946 | 12.1 | < .001 |
| Married but not cohabiting, or bereaved or divorced | 952,475 | 834,613 | 87.6 | 117,862 | 12.4 | 3,038,706 | 2,488,206 | 81.9 | 550,500 | 18.1 | ||
| Unmarried | 5,110,367 | 4,651,479 | 91.0 | 458,888 | 9.0 | 3,431,937 | 2,945,357 | 85.8 | 486,580 | 14.2 | ||
| Number of family members | ||||||||||||
| 1 | 1,591,858 | 1,403,956 | 88.2 | 187,902 | 11.8 | .001 | 1,733,710 | 1,399,696 | 80.7 | 334,014 | 19.3 | < .001 |
| 2 | 4,332,376 | 4,020,407 | 92.8 | 311,969 | 7.2 | 4,626,732 | 4,034,561 | 87.2 | 592,171 | 12.8 | ||
| 3 | 5,039,486 | 4,572,429 | 90.7 | 467,057 | 9.3 | 5,253,312 | 4,536,896 | 86.4 | 716,416 | 13.6 | ||
| 4 | 5,425,420 | 4,996,671 | 92.1 | 428,749 | 7.9 | 5,208,615 | 4,608,789 | 88.5 | 599,826 | 11.5 | ||
| ≥ 5 | 1,827,206 | 1,692,037 | 92.6 | 135,168 | 7.4 | 2,120,391 | 1,817,791 | 85.7 | 302,600 | 14.3 | ||
| Family type | ||||||||||||
| Solo | 1,591,858 | 1,403,956 | 88.2 | 187,902 | 11.8 | .002 | 1,733,710 | 1,399,696 | 80.7 | 334,014 | 19.3 | < .001 |
| 1st generation | 3,627,903 | 3,370,651 | 92.9 | 257,253 | 7.1 | 3,424,477 | 2,990,585 | 87.3 | 433,891 | 12.7 | ||
| 2nd generation | 11,622,273 | 10,653,148 | 91.7 | 969,125 | 8.3 | 11,934,761 | 10,455,630 | 87.6 | 1,479,130 | 12.4 | ||
| 3rd generation or higher | 1,374,311 | 1,257,746 | 91.5 | 116,565 | 8.5 | 1,849,813 | 1,551,822 | 83.9 | 297,991 | 16.1 | ||
| Education level | ||||||||||||
| Elementary school or lower | 1,919,911 | 1,725,704 | 89.9 | 194,208 | 10.1 | .031 | 4,052,135 | 3,300,280 | 81.4 | 751,855 | 18.6 | < .001 |
| Middle school | 1,614,136 | 1,476,394 | 91.5 | 137,743 | 8.5 | 1,739,105 | 1,498,772 | 86.2 | 240,333 | 13.8 | ||
| High school | 7,092,204 | 6,459,846 | 91.1 | 632,358 | 8.9 | 6,544,948 | 5,762,870 | 88.1 | 782,078 | 11.9 | ||
| College or higher | 7,590,094 | 7,023,558 | 92.5 | 566,536 | 7.5 | 6,606,572 | 5,835,812 | 88.3 | 770,760 | 11.7 | ||
| Region | ||||||||||||
| Seoul | 3,712,026 | 3,429,116 | 92.4 | 282,910 | 7.6 | .212 | 3,957,342 | 3,451,044 | 87.2 | 506,298 | 12.8 | .574 |
| Metro | 4,379,973 | 4,029,841 | 92.0 | 350,132 | 8.0 | 4,656,018 | 4,033,340 | 86.6 | 622,678 | 13.4 | ||
| Rural | 10,124,346 | 9,226,543 | 91.1 | 897,803 | 8.9 | 10,329,400 | 8,913,350 | 86.3 | 1,416,050 | 13.7 | ||
| Employment status | ||||||||||||
| Unemployed | 4,465,236 | 4,143,690 | 92.8 | 321,546 | 7.2 | .022 | 9,248,403 | 8,056,557 | 87.1 | 1,191,846 | 12.9 | .111 |
| Employed | 13,751,109 | 12,541,811 | 91.2 | 1,209,299 | 8.8 | 9,694,357 | 8,341,177 | 86.0 | 1,353,180 | 14.0 | ||
| Incomeb | ||||||||||||
| 1Q (lowest) | 4,550,538 | 4,115,607 | 90.4 | 434,930 | 9.6 | .017 | 4,701,072 | 3,866,590 | 82.2 | 834,483 | 17.8 | < .001 |
| 2Q | 4,548,682 | 4,153,534 | 91.3 | 395,148 | 8.7 | 4,738,686 | 4,088,322 | 86.3 | 650,364 | 13.7 | ||
| 3Q | 4,512,661 | 4,126,987 | 91.5 | 385,674 | 8.5 | 4,733,493 | 4,127,687 | 87.2 | 605,805 | 12.8 | ||
| 4Q (highest) | 4,604,465 | 4,289,372 | 93.2 | 315,093 | 6.8 | 4,769,509 | 4,315,135 | 90.5 | 454,374 | 9.5 | ||
| Occupation | ||||||||||||
| White collar | 5,675,473 | 5,225,634 | 92.1 | 449,840 | 7.9 | .026 | 4,210,948 | 3,697,355 | 87.8 | 513,592 | 12.2 | .001 |
| Pink collar | 2,157,717 | 1,986,487 | 92.1 | 171,230 | 7.9 | 2,787,396 | 2,415,371 | 86.7 | 372,024 | 13.3 | ||
| Blue collar | 5,157,143 | 4,647,831 | 90.1 | 509,312 | 9.9 | 2,234,315 | 1,856,211 | 83.1 | 378,104 | 16.9 | ||
| Unemployed or other | 5,226,012 | 4,825,549 | 92.3 | 400,463 | 7.7 | 9,710,102 | 8,428,797 | 86.8 | 1,281,306 | 13.2 | ||
| Medical Insurance type | ||||||||||||
| NHI | 17,520,008 | 16,080,991 | 91.8 | 1,439,016 | 8.2 | .025 | 18,075,601 | 15,743,253 | 87.1 | 2,332,347 | 12.9 | < .001 |
| Medicaid | 494,275 | 430,209 | 87.0 | 64,066 | 13.0 | 646,528 | 474,806 | 73.4 | 171,722 | 26.6 | ||
| No/do not know | 202,063 | 174,300 | 86.3 | 27,762 | 13.7 | 220,631 | 179,675 | 81.4 | 40,956 | 18.6 | ||
| Private insurance | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 14,384,239 | 13,223,721 | 91.9 | 1,160,517 | 8.1 | .094 | 15,011,361 | 13,156,749 | 87.6 | 1,854,612 | 12.4 | < .001 |
| No | 3,638,702 | 3,284,231 | 90.3 | 354,471 | 9.7 | 3,771,901 | 3,104,828 | 82.3 | 667,073 | 17.7 | ||
| Do not know | 193,404 | 177,548 | 91.8 | 15,856 | 8.2 | 159,498 | 136,157 | 85.4 | 23,341 | 14.6 | ||
| Smoking history | ||||||||||||
| Non-smoker | 4,504,920 | 4,195,041 | 93.1 | 309,879 | 6.9 | < .001 | 16,636,672 | 14,478,079 | 87.0 | 2,158,593 | 13.0 | < .001 |
| Past smoker | 6,460,273 | 6,014,161 | 93.1 | 446,113 | 6.9 | 1,120,625 | 959,229 | 85.6 | 161,396 | 14.4 | ||
| Current smoker | 7,251,152 | 6,476,300 | 89.3 | 774,853 | 10.7 | 1,185,463 | 960,426 | 81.0 | 225,038 | 19.0 | ||
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||||||||
| Never drink | 2,633,850 | 2,430,482 | 92.3 | 203,368 | 7.7 | .544 | 6,116,013 | 5,184,505 | 84.8 | 931,508 | 15.2 | < .001 |
| Less than 1 time per month | 2,040,101 | 1,872,840 | 91.8 | 167,261 | 8.2 | 4,465,941 | 3,957,458 | 88.6 | 508,483 | 11.4 | ||
| 1–4 times per month | 7,012,060 | 6,386,257 | 91.1 | 625,803 | 8.9 | 6,068,744 | 5,279,258 | 87.0 | 789,486 | 13.0 | ||
| ≥ 5 times per month | 6,530,334 | 5,995,922 | 91.8 | 534,412 | 8.2 | 2,292,062 | 1,976,513 | 86.2 | 315,549 | 13.8 | ||
| Body mass index | ||||||||||||
| Normal (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25) | 10,540,097 | 9,671,147 | 91.8 | 868,950 | 8.2 | .168 | 12,549,645 | 10,972,946 | 87.4 | 1,576,699 | 12.6 | .001 |
| Underweight (BMI < 18.5) | 510,387 | 448,310 | 87.8 | 62,077 | 12.2 | 1,174,258 | 978,254 | 83.3 | 196,005 | 16.7 | ||
| Obese (BMI ≥ 25) | 7,165,862 | 6,566,044 | 91.6 | 599,817 | 8.4 | 5,218,856 | 4,446,534 | 85.2 | 772,323 | 14.8 | ||
| Exercise | ||||||||||||
| None | 16,706,537 | 15,445,099 | 92.4 | 1,261,438 | 7.6 | < .001 | 16,274,205 | 14,414,380 | 88.6 | 1,859,825 | 11.4 | < .001 |
| Mild | 1,456,613 | 1,203,825 | 82.6 | 252,789 | 17.4 | 2,523,305 | 1,899,396 | 75.3 | 623,909 | 24.7 | ||
| High | 53,195 | 36,577 | 68.8 | 16,618 | 31.2 | 145,250 | 83,958 | 57.8 | 61,292 | 42.2 | ||
| Stress level | ||||||||||||
| High | 4,646,371 | 3,975,432 | 85.6 | 670,939 | 14.4 | < .001 | 5,380,940 | 4,288,734 | 79.7 | 1,092,207 | 20.3 | < .001 |
| Moderate | 10,652,409 | 9,903,651 | 93.0 | 748,758 | 7.0 | 10,725,638 | 9,520,775 | 88.8 | 1,204,863 | 11.2 | ||
| Low | 2,822,867 | 2,717,241 | 96.3 | 105,626 | 3.7 | 2,713,771 | 2,483,941 | 91.5 | 229,830 | 8.5 | ||
| None | 94,698 | 89,177 | 94.2 | 5,521 | 5.8 | 122,410 | 104,284 | 85.2 | 18,126 | 14.8 | ||
| Self-rated health status | ||||||||||||
| Very good/good | 6,366,031 | 6,067,433 | 95.3 | 298,597 | 4.7 | < .001 | 5,168,004 | 4,835,422 | 93.6 | 332,582 | 6.4 | < .001 |
| Fair | 9,202,108 | 8,432,601 | 91.6 | 769,507 | 8.4 | 9,947,397 | 8,705,500 | 87.5 | 1,241,897 | 12.5 | ||
| Poor/very poor | 2,648,207 | 2,185,466 | 82.5 | 462,741 | 17.5 | 3,827,359 | 2,856,812 | 74.6 | 970,547 | 25.4 | ||
| Pain | ||||||||||||
| None | 15,243,143 | 14,284,214 | 93.7 | 958,930 | 6.3 | < .001 | 13,975,362 | 12,620,501 | 90.3 | 1,354,861 | 9.7 | < .001 |
| Mild | 2,775,714 | 2,247,400 | 81.0 | 528,313 | 19.0 | 4,494,769 | 3,470,452 | 77.2 | 1,024,317 | 22.8 | ||
| Severe | 197,488 | 153,887 | 77.9 | 43,602 | 22.1 | 472,629 | 306,781 | 64.9 | 165,848 | 35.1 | ||
| Depression | ||||||||||||
| None | 16,948,918 | 15,666,651 | 92.4 | 1,282,267 | 7.6 | < .001 | 16,579,396 | 14,703,608 | 88.7 | 1,875,788 | 11.3 | < .001 |
| Mild | 1,202,449 | 976,826 | 81.2 | 225,623 | 18.8 | 2,184,118 | 1,593,660 | 73.0 | 590,458 | 27.0 | ||
| Severe | 64,978 | 42,023 | 64.7 | 22,955 | 35.3 | 179,245 | 100,466 | 56.0 | 78,779 | 44.0 | ||
A chi-square test was performed to determine the differences between groups with and without unmet needs
NHI National Health Insurance, Q quartile
aWeighted (%)
bIncome divided by quartile