Table 5.
Overall unmet needs according to age group in the KNHANES 2013–2017
| Variables | Unmet needs, KNHANES 2013–2017 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 19–39 years | 40–59 years | ≥ 60 years | ||||||||||
| OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | ||||
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Female | 1.67 | 1.25 | 2.22 | .001 | 1.60 | 1.25 | 2.06 | < .001 | 1.55 | 1.26 | 1.90 | < .001 |
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
| Married-cohabiting | 0.82 | 0.34 | 1.97 | .651 | 1.63 | 1.07 | 2.50 | .024 | 0.93 | 0.78 | 1.11 | .426 |
| Married-no cohabiting, bereaved, or divorced | 0.84 | 0.36 | 1.98 | .692 | 1.71 | 1.11 | 2.64 | .016 | 0.62 | 0.30 | 1.28 | .200 |
| Unmarried | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Number of family members | ||||||||||||
| 1 | 1.10 | 0.75 | 1.62 | .616 | 1.27 | 0.85 | 1.91 | .239 | 0.88 | 0.61 | 1.28 | .504 |
| 2 | 0.87 | 0.61 | 1.23 | .421 | 0.85 | 0.63 | 1.14 | .280 | 0.74 | 0.55 | 0.99 | .044 |
| 3 | 0.92 | 0.63 | 1.34 | .653 | 1.04 | 0.78 | 1.37 | .804 | 1.06 | 0.82 | 1.37 | .657 |
| 4 | 1.20 | 0.78 | 1.83 | .410 | 0.97 | 0.73 | 1.30 | .854 | 0.83 | 0.65 | 1.07 | .145 |
| ≥ 5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Education level | ||||||||||||
| Elementary school or less | 1.74 | 1.13 | 2.67 | .012 | 1.09 | 0.82 | 1.46 | .548 | 0.87 | 0.38 | 2.02 | .745 |
| Middle school | 1.52 | 0.95 | 2.42 | .080 | 0.94 | 0.72 | 1.22 | .644 | 0.99 | 0.56 | 1.74 | .977 |
| High school | 1.45 | 0.92 | 2.28 | .107 | 1.00 | 0.82 | 1.22 | .989 | 1.01 | 0.84 | 1.21 | .918 |
| College or over | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Region | ||||||||||||
| Seoul | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Metro | 1.00 | 0.80 | 1.24 | .965 | 1.04 | 0.84 | 1.29 | .717 | 1.14 | 0.93 | 1.40 | .191 |
| Rural | 0.86 | 0.66 | 1.12 | .256 | 1.17 | 0.91 | 1.50 | .215 | 1.03 | 0.82 | 1.30 | .794 |
| Employment status | ||||||||||||
| Employed | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Unemployed | 1.53 | 1.17 | 2.01 | .002 | 2.34 | 1.63 | 3.36 | < .001 | 0.75 | 0.21 | 2.70 | .657 |
| Income | ||||||||||||
| 1Q (lowest) | 1.38 | 1.06 | 1.79 | .018 | 1.26 | 0.99 | 1.60 | .060 | 1.30 | 1.01 | 1.68 | .040 |
| 2Q | 1.19 | 0.92 | 1.54 | .190 | 1.05 | 0.84 | 1.32 | .646 | 1.31 | 1.03 | 1.68 | .031 |
| 3Q | 1.02 | 0.80 | 1.32 | .850 | 1.03 | 0.81 | 1.31 | .787 | 1.44 | 1.15 | 1.81 | .002 |
| 4Q (highest) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Occupation | ||||||||||||
| White collar | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Pink collar | 1.06 | 0.60 | 1.87 | .847 | 1.88 | 1.29 | 2.75 | .001 | 0.56 | 0.15 | 2.04 | .381 |
| Blue collar | 1.27 | 0.73 | 2.19 | .396 | 1.36 | 1.07 | 1.74 | .013 | 1.08 | 0.81 | 1.44 | .598 |
| Unemployed or other | 1.16 | 0.64 | 2.09 | .628 | 1.03 | 0.79 | 1.34 | .814 | 0.84 | 0.65 | 1.10 | .216 |
| Medical insurance type | ||||||||||||
| NHI | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Medicaid | 1.31 | 0.79 | 2.18 | .291 | 1.05 | 0.40 | 2.75 | .919 | 1.10 | 0.49 | 2.44 | .819 |
| No/do not know | 1.20 | 0.89 | 1.62 | .238 | 0.95 | 0.61 | 1.47 | .813 | 1.15 | 0.59 | 2.25 | .685 |
| Private insurance | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.81 | 0.41 | 1.58 | .530 | 1.47 | 0.39 | 5.52 | .569 | 1.09 | 0.52 | 2.30 | .821 |
| No | 1.16 | 0.97 | 1.38 | .098 | 1.18 | 0.91 | 1.53 | .200 | 1.16 | 0.90 | 1.50 | .244 |
| Do not know | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Smoking history | ||||||||||||
| Current smoker | 1.22 | 0.89 | 1.66 | .211 | 1.34 | 1.03 | 1.74 | .029 | 1.25 | 0.99 | 1.58 | .061 |
| Past smoker | 0.70 | 0.52 | .93 | .015 | 1.06 | 0.81 | 1.39 | .653 | 1.01 | 0.78 | 1.30 | .962 |
| Non-smoker | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||||||||
| Never drink | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Less than 1 time per month | 1.11 | 0.87 | 1.41 | .410 | 0.72 | 0.57 | 0.93 | .010 | 0.98 | 0.74 | 1.31 | .904 |
| 1–4 times per month | 1.10 | 0.89 | 1.36 | .368 | 1.03 | 0.84 | 1.25 | .802 | 0.96 | 0.76 | 1.22 | .757 |
| ≥ 5 times per month | 1.08 | 0.86 | 1.35 | .498 | 0.89 | 0.70 | 1.12 | .313 | 0.71 | 0.53 | 0.96 | .024 |
| Body mass index (BMI) | ||||||||||||
| Normal weight (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
| Under weight (BMI < 18.5) | 0.97 | 0.83 | 1.13 | .689 | 0.97 | 0.82 | 1.15 | .734 | 0.90 | 0.74 | 1.10 | .300 |
| Obese (BMI ≥ 25) | 0.93 | 0.60 | 1.45 | .750 | 1.11 | 0.73 | 1.71 | .618 | 1.22 | 0.91 | 1.65 | .185 |
| Exercise | ||||||||||||
| None | 2.56 | 1.62 | 4.05 | < .001 | 0.66 | 0.21 | 2.06 | .473 | 2.03 | 0.23 | 17.92 | .523 |
| Mild | 1.38 | 1.13 | 1.67 | .001 | 1.12 | 0.87 | 1.45 | .385 | 1.79 | 1.23 | 2.59 | .002 |
| High | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Self-rated health | ||||||||||||
| Very poor | 3.32 | 1.63 | 6.75 | .001 | 4.40 | 2.29 | 8.48 | < .001 | 4.77 | 2.75 | 8.25 | < .001 |
| Poor | 2.90 | 1.45 | 5.80 | .003 | 2.85 | 1.62 | 5.04 | < .001 | 2.47 | 1.06 | 5.78 | .036 |
| Fair | 2.35 | 1.18 | 4.71 | .016 | 2.06 | 1.20 | 3.54 | .009 | 2.38 | 1.42 | 3.99 | .001 |
| Good | 1.82 | 0.88 | 3.77 | .108 | 1.36 | 0.76 | 2.40 | .297 | 1.44 | 0.86 | 2.41 | .168 |
| Very good | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Stress level | ||||||||||||
| High | 2.75 | 1.36 | 5.56 | .005 | 1.62 | 0.41 | 6.46 | .492 | 2.97 | 0.44 | 19.86 | .261 |
| Moderate | 1.90 | 0.94 | 3.85 | .073 | 1.04 | 0.26 | 4.18 | .954 | 2.07 | 0.31 | 13.90 | .454 |
| Low | 1.53 | 0.74 | 3.15 | .246 | 0.64 | 0.16 | 2.62 | .532 | 1.67 | 0.24 | 11.70 | .604 |
| None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Pain | ||||||||||||
| None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Mild | 1.95 | 1.60 | 2.39 | < .001 | 1.94 | 1.09 | 3.46 | .024 | 1.69 | 0.52 | 5.43 | .382 |
| Severe | 2.17 | 1.60 | 2.96 | < .001 | 2.15 | 1.79 | 2.58 | < .001 | 2.04 | 1.65 | 2.51 | < .001 |
| Depression | ||||||||||||
| Light | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
| Moderate | 1.45 | 0.97 | 2.19 | .072 | 2.99 | 1.33 | 6.74 | .008 | 2.03 | 0.63 | 6.57 | .236 |
| Severe | 1.63 | 1.34 | 1.98 | < .001 | 1.28 | 1.01 | 1.63 | .043 | 1.57 | 1.22 | 2.01 | < .001 |
Logistic regression analysis with complex sampling design was performed by adjusting for covariates
Model 1 was adjusted by sex, age, marital status, family number and education level
Model 2 was adjusted by Model 1 as well as region, economic activity, income, occupation, medical insurance type and private insurance
Model 3 was adjusted by Model 2 as well as smoking, drink, body mass index, exercise, self-rated health status, stress level, pain and depression
NHI National Health Insurance, Q quartile, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, OR 95%, CI 95%