Table 2.
Potential therapies targeting chemokines and their receptors in ALL
| Targets | Drugs | Clinical stages/NCT numbers | Functions | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CXCL12/CXCR4 axis | AMD3100 (Plerixafor) | Phase 1/ NCT01319864 | Increasing the sensitivity of chemotherapeutic drugs and promoting the apoptosis of ALL cells | [103] |
| AMD11070 | NA | Inhibiting CXCL12-induced signaling pathways and block the migration of ALL cells | [108] | |
| AMD3465 | NA | Suppressing the growth and infiltration of T-ALL | [16] | |
| T140, T134 &TC14012 | NA | Inhibiting proliferation and migration, enhancing the effects of the cytotoxic agents | [113, 114] | |
| BL-8040 | Phase 2/ NCT02763384 | Suppressing T-ALL cell growth in xenotransplantation models and mobilizing of leukemic blasts into the peripheral blood in T-ALL patients | [116] | |
| POL5551 | NA | Attenuating CXCL12-mediated phosphorylation of ERK1/2, inhibiting CXCL12-induced chemotaxis, and increasing chemosensitivity of ALL cells | [119] | |
| CCL25/CCR9 axis | CCL25-PE38 | NA | Inducing apoptosis and inhibiting the growth of CCR9+ cells | [120] |
| 91R, 92R | NA | Inhibiting CCR9+ T-ALL tumor growth through CDC, ADCC | [124, 125] | |
| CCR5 | Maraviroc | NA | Inhibiting the proliferation of ALL cells by inhibiting the JAK/STAT3 pathway | [94] |
NA: Not applicable