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. 2021 Mar 20;12:196. doi: 10.1186/s13287-021-02262-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 7 — Schematic illustration of the role of CS-EVs on skin rejuvenation. The CS hydrogel load with EVs, a biological particle released by hP-MSC, to the target cells and activate senescent dermal fibroblasts. EVs incorporated with CS hydrogel could activate senescent fibroblasts by improving cellular proliferation, decreasing SA-β-gal activity, promoting ECM synthesis, and inhibiting ECM degradation. Consequently, CS-EVs therapy leads to improved functional recovery to ameliorate skin aging