FIGURE 3.

SAA attenuates palmitate-induced TLR4 activation. Cardiomyocytes were seeded onto 24-well plates and grown to 80% confluence before treatment with 0.4 mM PA for 2, 4, 8 and 12 h (A) or 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, or 0.8 mM PA for 4 h (B) For the detection of anti-lipotoxicity role of SAA, H9c2 cells were incubated with 0.4 mM palmitic acid (PA) for 4 h. 10 μM SAA was added 1 h before free fatty acids treatment. Representative western blot data on TLR4 levels. Data are shown as mean ± SD. Total protein was extracted from myocardial cells. TLR4, MyD88, p-JNK, and p-ERK1/2 levels were determined by western blot. Values with different superscripts are significantly different at p < 0.05. * indicates comparison with normal control group while # indicates comparison with PA-only treatment group.