Table 1.
Changes in intestinal permeability caused by exercise and the influencing factors.
| Subjects | Exercise type | Exercise intensity | Exercise volume | Contribution influence factor | Minimization influence factor | Change in permeability | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Endurance trained M and W (n = 7) | Acute running | 70% of VO2max | 60 min | 30°C Tamb (12 to 20% RH) | At 20 min of exercise: 27 g of Cho | Increase in I-FABP by exercise and decreased hours after exercise in the Cho group | (53) |
| Recreationally trained M (n = 12) | Resistance-type exercise (combined cycling with a leg press) | Load progression of 40–55–70% between sets | 30 min | – | – | Increase in I-FABP by exercise | (54) |
| Competitive cyclists M and W (n = 13) | Acute cycling | 70% Wmax + Time trial | 45 min of 70% Wmax + 15 min of time trial | 7 days of gluten-containing diet | 7 days of gluten-free diet | Increase in I-FABP after 15 min time trial (no difference by diet) | (55) |
| Recreationally trained M (n = 8) | Acute running and cycling | Cycling at 50% HRR + running at 80% HRR + maximal-distance trial) + cycling at 50% HRR, respectively | 15 (cycling)-30 (running)-30 (maximal running)-15 min (cycling), respectively | 30°C Tamb (50% RH) | 1.7 g·kg−1·day−1 of bovine colostrum (COL) supplementation | Increase in I-FABP by exercise (no difference by diet). This increase was greater with 6 training sessions per wk than 3 sessions | (56) |
| Active runners (n = 20) | Running | 70% of VO2max | 60 min | – | – | Increase in I-FABP by exercise | (6) |
| cyclists and triathletes M (n = 9) | Acute cycling | 70% Wmax | 60 min | 400 mg ibuprofen intake before cycling | – | Increase in I-FABP by exercise and ibuprofen | (57) |
| Endurance trained M (n = 8) | 5 consecutive days of Running | 78% of VO2max (4 mMol/L blood lactate) until Tc increases 2.0°C or volitional exhaustion | Volitional exhaustion = 24 min | Tamb 40°C (40% RH) | – | Increase in I-FABP by exercise in the heat. This increase was decreased from the 1° to the 5° day of exercise | (41) |
| Well-trained athletes M (n = 16) | Acute cycling | 70% Wmax | 60 min | – | Acute ingestion of sodium nitrate (NIT; 800 mg NO3), sucrose (SUC; 40 g) or water (Placebo) | Increase in I-FABP by during exercise and post-exercise. I-FABP was attenuated in SUC vs. PLA | (49) |
| Endurance runners M and W (n = 25) | Running | 60% of VO2max | 2 h | – | Gel-disks containing 30 g carbohydrates (2:1 glucose-fructose, 10% w/v) every 20 min | Increase in I-FABP by exercise (no difference by supplementation) | (22) |
| Healthy M (n = 12) | Acute running | 70% of VO2peak | 60 min | – | 14 days of 20 g/day supplementation with bovine colostrum (Col) | Increase in I-FABP by exercise. I-FABP attenuated by Col supplementation post-exercise | (58) |
| Health M (n = 12) | Acute cycling | 70% of VO2max | 45 min | Tamb 30°C (40% RH) | Tamb 20°C (40% RH) | Increase in I-FABP by exercise (no difference by temperatures groups) | (59) |
| Endurance runners (n = 16) | Running | 60% of VO2max | 3 h | Training at night (21:00 h) | Training in the morning (09:00 h) | Increase in I-FABP by exercise (both trials). Night resulted in greater total-gastrointestinal symptoms | (46) |
| Active M and W (n = 15) | Running | 70% of VO2max | 60 min | Tamb 33°C (50% RH) | – | Increase in plasma claudin by exercise | (60) |
| Triathletes (n = 15) | Swimming, cycling, and mountain running | 1,500-m swimming, 36-km cycling, and 10-km mountain running | – | – | 0.7 ± 0.3 L of water and 1.5 ± 0.5 L of isotonic drinks | Increase in plasma zonulin by exercise | (50) |
| Active runners (n = 17) | Acute running | 80% of the speed of their best 10 km race time. | 90 min | Runners with history of experiencing GI symptoms during running (symptomatic group) | – | Increase of L/R ratios, I-FABP and zonulin after exercise. No difference between asymptomatic and symptomatic group | (51) |
| Endurance runners M and W (n = 7) | Running | 60% of VO2max | 3 x of 2 h | Tamb 35°C (50% RH) - Exertional heat stress (EHS) | 15 g glucose (GLUC) or energy-matched whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) | GLUC and WPH minimized I-FABP and L/R ratios | (61) |
| Trained runners M (n = 7) | High-intensity interval running | 120% of VO2max with 18 × 400 m interval efforts | Separated by 3 min of complete rest | – | – | Increase of L/R ratios and I-FABP after exercise | (52) |
| Healthy M (n = 12) | Running | 80% of VO2max | 20 min | – | 20 g/day bovine colostrum (14 days) | Increase of L/R ratios by exercise and attenuated by colostrum supplementation | (62) |
| M and W endurance runners (n = 20) | Running | 70% of VO2max | 60 min | Fluid restriction | 4% glucose solution | Increase of L/R ratios by exercise + fluid restriction | (47) |
| Active M and W (n = 6) | Running | 40–60–80% VO2peak | 60 min | – | – | Increase of L/R ratios by 80% VO2peak compared to other intensities | (48) |
| marathon runners M and W (n = 15) | Acute running | Road marathon competition | 2 h 43 min to 5 h 28 min | – | Vitamin E (1,000 IU daily) | Increase of L/R ratios by exercise (no difference by supplementation) | (63) |
| Soldiers M (n = 73) | 4-day cross-country ski march | 51 km cross-country ski-march while 139 carrying a ~45 kg pack | 50:10 min work-to-rest ratios | – | – | Increase of L/R ratios by exercise | (36) |
| Endurance trained M and W (n = 7) | Acute running | 65–70% of VO2max | 60 min | Tamb 30°C (12–20% RH) | Oral glutamine supplementation (0.9 g/kg) for 7 days | Increase of L/R ratios by exercise and decreased with glutamine supplementation | (64) |
I-FABP, intestinal fatty-acid binding protein; HRR, heart rate reserve; L/R ratios, Men, M; dual-sugar test with lactulose and rhamnose; Post-exercise (or peak) core temperature (Tc), RH, relative humidity; Tamb, ambient temperature; VO2max, maximum oxygen consumption, W, women; Wmax, watt maximum; wk, week.