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Schematics of the main mechanisms for NPs uptake by intestinal epithelium, including paracellular pathway and transcellular pathway. Inserts show the simplified processes of varied transcellular transport, including phagocytosis, macropinocytosis and clathrin-/caveolae-mediated endocytosis. Reprinted with the permission from Ref. 34 Copyright © 2011 Elsevier BV.
