TABLE 2.

Altered endogenous metabolites were detected by UPLC-MS/MS.

No.	Metabolites	TR (min)	m/z	Formula	VIP	HMDB ID	3 h/0 h	Ion mode
1	DL-Ornithine	0.706	133.09723	C5H12N2O2	1.32	32455	↑*	[M + H]+
2	DL-Histidine	0.736	156.07683	C6H9N3O2	1.04	00177	↑*	[M + H]+
3	Choline	0.820	104.10671	C5H13NO	1.74	00097	↑**	[M + H]+
4	Gamma-Aminobutyric acid	0.856	104.07063	C4H9NO2	1.63	00112	↑**	[M + H]+
5	L-Glutamic acid a	0.860	146.04568	C5H9NO4	2.13	00148	↑***	[M-H]−
6	Valine	0.899	118.08636	C5H11NO2	1.62	00883	↑**	[M + H]+
7	DL-Glutamine	0.908	145.06167	C5H10N2O3	2.48	00641	↓***	[M-H]−
8	Alpha-ketoglutaric acid	0.931	145.01433	C5H6O5	2.32	00208	↑***	[M-H]−
9	L-(-)-Asparagine	0.941	115.05036	C4H8N2O3	1.03	00168	↑*	[M-H2O + H]+
10	Citric acid	0.983	191.01963	C6H8O7	2.07	00094	↓***	[M-H]-
11	L-Tyrosine a	1.032	182.08116	C9H11NO3	2.18	00158	↓***	[M + H]+
12	Itaconic acid	1.062	259.04666	C5H6O4	2.52	02092	↑***	[2M-H]−
13	Picolinic acid a	1.902	124.03942	C6H5NO2	1.96	02243	↑**	[M + H]+
14	DL-Tryptophan	3.412	205.09694	C11H12N2O2	1.51	13609	↓*	[M + H]+
15	N-Acetyl-L-leucine	7.195	172.09740	C8H15NO3	1.72	11756	↑**	[M-H]−
16	L-Glutathione oxidized	7.830	613.15913	C20H32N6O12S2	1.76	03337	↓**	[M + H]+
17	Thymidine 5′-monophosphate	11.572	321.04513	C15H16O4P2	1.05	01227	↓*	[M-H]−
18	Taurochenodeoxycholic acid	12.272	498.28967	C26H45NO6S	1.33	00951	↓*	[M-H]−
19	Cholic acid	14.329	407.28021	C24H40O5	2.43	00619	↓***	[M-H]−
20	α-Linolenic acid	15.936	279.23164	C18H30O2	1.11	01388	↑*	[M + H]+
21	LysoPC (18:3)	17.149	518.32404	C26H48NO7P	1.04	10387	↓*	[M + H]+

“↓” or “↑” means the metabolite significantly decreased or increased in 3 h group compared with 0 h group.

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 compared with 0 h group.

^aValidated with standard.