Table 3.
Parameters During Intervention in Groups of Decreased GDF15 (Down) and Increased GDF15 (Up)
| Parameters | Down (n = 10) | Up (n = 34) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (V1) | V2 | V3 | Endpoint (V4) | P for Trend | Baseline (V1) | V2 | V3 | Endpoint (V4) | P for Trend | |
| Male/female | 8/2 | 21/13 | ||||||||
| LC (%) | 30.0 | 55.9 | ||||||||
| Obese (%) | 20.0 | 29.4 | ||||||||
| FH of obesity (%) | 30.0 | 47.1 | ||||||||
| FH of DM (%) | 60.0 | 47.1 | ||||||||
| Age (years) | 24.10±0.38 | 25.03±0.55 | ||||||||
| GDF15 (pg/mL) | 329.27±44.36 | 285.79±34.18 | 305.40±49.47 | 273.56±32.41 | 0.301 | 293.71±16.17 | 325.20±18.24 | 345.62±19.29 | 359.28±20.08 | 0.006 |
| Weight (kg) | 81.62±3.24 | 80.60±3.07 | 80.52±3.00 | 80.25±3.02 | 0.756 | 82.35±2.56 | 80.69±2.42 | 80.73±2.35 | 79.65±2.39 | 0.293 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.77±0.80 | 27.43±0.73 | 27.40±0.72 | 27.31±0.73 | 0.723 | 27.54±0.62 | 26.77±0.55 | 27.05±0.61 | 26.65±0.58 | 0.258 |
| FM (kg) | 23.08±2.08 | 22.63±1.85 | 22.41±1.93 | 22.01±2.00 | 0.670 | 24.71±1.14 | 23.73±1.12 | 23.42±1.11 | 22.86±1.13 | 0.233 |
| W (cm) | 93.80±2.25 | 92.05±2.36 | 92.40±2.36 | 91.10±2.14 | 0.345 | 95.74±1.84 | 93.47±1.78 | 91.99±1.79 | 90.90±1.73 | 0.016 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 4.86±0.11 | 5.26±0.10 | 5.03±0.11 | 5.09±0.12 | 0.214 | 5.12±0.09 | 4.89±0.09 | 5.06±0.09 | 5.01±0.10 | 0.408 |
| FINS (μU/mL) | 16.65±2.72 | 14.26±1.80 | 13.16±1.59 | 13.20±0.99 | 0.259 | 14.70±1.35 | 9.00±0.92 | 9.74±0.94 | 10.12±0.99 | 0.005 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.63±0.62 | 3.34±0.43 | 2.95±0.36 | 3.01±0.26 | 0.371 | 3.41±0.35 | 2.02±0.23 | 2.22±0.23 | 2.30±0.25 | 0.008 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.15±0.06 | / | / | 5.26±0.07 | 0.252 | 5.31±0.06 | / | / | 5.27±0.05 | 0.645 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.20±0.34 | / | / | 4.29±0.31 | 0.813 | 4.85±0.13 | / | / | 4.77±0.16 | 0.691 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 0.95±0.15 | / | / | 1.13±0.24 | 0.505 | 1.19±0.09 | / | / | 0.76±0.04 | <0.001 |
| HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.18±0.10 | / | / | 1.23±0.11 | 0.692 | 1.19±0.05 | / | / | 1.27±0.06 | 0.192 |
| LDL-c (mmol/L) | 2.45±0.34 | / | / | 2.52±0.30 | 0.874 | 2.92±0.12 | / | / | 2.94±0.13 | 0.922 |
Note: Data are presented as mean ± SEM.
Abbreviations: LC, low-carbohydrate diet group; FH, family history; DM, diabetes mellitus; GDF15, fasting serum growth differentiation factor 15; BMI, body mass index; FM, fat mass; W, waist circumference; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; FINS, fasting serum insulin; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.