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. 2021 Mar 17;15:1213–1223. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S293216

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© 2021 Yang et al.

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The life cycle of coronavirus.

Notes: The coronavirus replication cycle in the host cell encompasses four steps, including attachment and entry, translation of the viral replicase, genome transcription and replication, translation of the structural proteins, and virion assembly and release. Potential therapeutic targets are noted in red.

Abbreviations: ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; +, positive strand RNA; –, negative strand RNA; RTC, replication–transcription complex; DMVs, double-membrane vesicles (DMVs); gRNA, genomic RNAs; sgRNA, sub genomic RNA; nsp, nonstructural protein; pp1a, polyprotein 1a; pp1ab, polyprotein 1ab.