Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2021 Mar 17;11:21–29. doi: 10.2147/PTT.S303634

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© 2021 Milakovic and Gooderham.

This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms (https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

PMC Copyright notice

Overview of the PDE4/PKA cascade pathway. Panel (A). In a proinflammatory state, PDE-4 promotes production of inflammatory cytokines through activation of NFκB and reduces production of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 by degrading cAMP which is responsible for maintaining immune homeostasis. Panel (B). Inhibition of PDE4 leads to elevation of cAMP which triggers the PKA pathway. PKA suppresses the production of proinflammatory mediators and promotes the production of anti-inflammatory mediators, such as IL-10, through gene transcription driven by CREB and ATF-1.

Notes: Adapted from “Activation of Protein Kinase A (PKA)”, by BioRender.com (2020). Retrieved from https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates.

Abbreviations: ATF-1, cAMP-dependent transcription factor 1; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; CREB, cAMP response element binding protein; IL, interleukin; PDE-4, phosphodiesterase-4; PKA, protein kinase A; NFκB, nuclear factor kappa B.