TABLE 1.

Clinical Descriptions of Grounding Use.

References	Population and diagnosis	Treatment		Intervention elements	Consequences of treatment
		Type	Length and frequency
Baum, 1997	A middle-aged man with borderline personality organization	Psychotherapy group	Details of treatment length are not described	Pay attention to sensory awareness	Increased self-awareness
Clauer, 2011	A 55-year-old woman with hallucinations, severe depression, dependent-narcissistic personality traits and anxiety	Psychodynamic individual therapy that includes bioenergetic elements	Details of treatment length are not described	Stamp feet lightly on the ground; describe the hallucination more precisely	Reduced anxiety; disappearance of hallucinations
de Tord and Bräuninger, 2015	Between 10 and 15 older people with dementia	DMT open group	Twenty-two sessions over a period of two years, one hour weekly	Grasp an elastic fabric while moving; walk while stamping the feet on the ground; pat body parts; self-massage the body; sound production	Creation of social interaction; increased self-confidence, sense of enjoyment and playful ability; integration between physical experiences
de Tord and Bräuninger, 2015	Three adult women (from 26 to 50 years old) with intermediate intellectual disabilities	DMT group	Twenty sessions over a period of two years, one hour weekly	Walk while stamping the feet on the ground with straps with bells attached to the feet; rub the body using the palms; pat body parts	Posture alignment; improvement in synchronization and physical ability; creation of social interaction
de Tord and Bräuninger, 2015	A 26-year-old woman with intellectual disabilities	DMT individual	Twenty sessions over a period of two years, one hour weekly	Lean on a physiotherapy ball (standing or sitting) when the feet are in contact with the ground	Increase in physical strength, stability, sense of security and ability to be physically and emotionally supported
Koch and Harvey, 2012	An adult woman with dissociative identity disorder, had suffered sexual abuse	Individual DMT	Details of treatment length are not described	Stamp the feet on the ground; develop strength effort; give in to the pull of gravity	Increase in spontaneous movement; reduced anxiety
Stromsted, 2007	A 28-year-old woman with depression, anxiety, panic attacks, and had suffered physical and emotional abuse	Individual DMT	Details of treatment length are not described	Stand on both feet, stamp feet on the ground accompanied by verbal expression	Increase in physical and emotional self-awareness, and in physical and verbal expression ability

DMT, dance movement therapy.