Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2021 Mar 4;12:631810. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.631810

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2021 Iqbal, Iqbal, Hashem, Abd_Allah and Ansari.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

PMC Copyright notice

Schematic representation of biotic stress perception and Ca²⁺ signaling for the regulation of plant immune responses. The cytosolic Ca²⁺ levels increase (>200 nM) upon perceiving biotic stress: calcium (Ca²⁺), Ca²⁺–dependent protein kinases (CDPKs), calmodulin (CaM), calmodulin-like protein (CML), autoinhibited Ca²⁺-ATPases (ACAs), ER-type Ca²⁺-ATPases (ECAs), mitochondrial Ca²⁺ uniporter (MCU), P1-ATPases (e.g., HMA1), Ca²⁺ exchangers (CAX), two-pore channel (TPC), cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGCs), glutamate receptor-like channels (GLRs), stretch-activated Ca²⁺ channels (OSCAs), MID1-complementing activity (MCA), phosphate (P), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor-like channel (InsP₃R), 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP₃), cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR)-activator ryanodine receptor-like channel (RyR), slow-activating vacuolar channel (SV), and sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX).