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. 2021 Mar 22;34(2):295–304. doi: 10.1007/s40620-021-01022-0

Table 1.

Clinical characteristics of geriatric patients (n = 1191) according to the presence of acute kidney injury (AKI) and COVID-19 diagnosis, respectively

COVID-19 (n = 316) Other diagnosis (n = 875)
Non-AKI with AKI p-value Non-AKI with AKI p value
Patients, n (%) 224 (71%) 92(29%) 716 (82%) 159(18%)
Age, year mean ± SD 82.0 ± 8.6 82.8 ± 8.3 0.45 82.6 ± 8.6 85.5 ± 8.4  < 0.001
Women, n (%) 121 (54.0%) 43 (46.7%) 0.24 421 (58.8%) 88 (55.3%) 0.42

BMI, kg/m2

Mean ± SD (n = 675)

24.9 ± 6.2 24.3 ± 5.4 0.66 24.4 ± 5.3 24.9 ± 4.8 0.33
 BMI < 18.5, n (%) 10 (12%) 4 (12%) 0.91 43 (9.3%) 7 (7.1%) 0.75
 BMI 18.5 to < 25, n (%) 40 (49%) 19(56%) 237 (51.3%) 53 (54.1%)
 BMI 25 to < 30, n (%) 21 (26%) 8 (24%) 118 (25.5%) 22 (22.4%)
 BMI ≥ 30, n (%) 10 (12%) 3 (9%) 64 (13.9%) 16 (16.3%)
Vital signs at admission, mean SD
 Temperature, °C (n = 1190) 37.1 ± 0.7 37.2 ± 0.9 0.25 37.0 ± 0.5 36.9 ± 0.7 0.42
 SBP, mmHg (n = 1185) 132.7 ± 21.4 130.2 ± 20.7 0.34 132.2 ± 21.6 129.2 ± 22.4 0.11
 DBP, mmHg (n = 1185) 71.5 ± 11.1 71.2 ± 13.2 0.88 73.5 ± 12.3 72.5 ± 13.4 0.37
 Pulse rate, /min (n = 1188) 79.7 ± 15.5 82.5 ± 15.1 0.13 79.5 ± 14.1 79.6 ± 15.5 0.92
 Saturation, % (n = 1015) 93.0 ± 5.9 92.5 ± 6.2 0.51 95.4 ± 4.8 94.8 ± 3.4 0.17
  < 90%, n (%) 24(14.0%) 15(18.5%) 0.65 26 (4.2%) 10 (6.8%) 0.38
  90 to  < 94%, n (%) 54(31.6%) 25(30.9%) 120 (19.5%) 30 (20.4%)
  ≥ 94%, n (%) 93(54.4%) 41(50.6%) 470 (76.3%) 107 (72.8%)
Lab values
 eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 baseline, mean ± SD 67.3 ± 21.1 56.9 ± 26.4  < 0.001 63.6 ± 20.6 46.5 ± 24.6  < 0.001
 eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min, n (%) 146 (65.2%) 42 (45.7%)  < 0.001 429 (59.9%) 39 (24.5%)  < 0.001
 eGFR 30–59 mL/min, n (%) 68 (30.4%) 34 (37.0%) 246 (34.4%) 77 (48.4%)
 eGFR < 30 mL/min, n (%) 10 (4.5%) 16 (17.4%) 41 (5.7%) 43 (27.0%)
 Minimum creatinine, mmol/L median (IQR) 66.0 (49.0, 89.5) 81.5 (57.5, 126.0)  < 0.001 70.0 (55.0, 89.0) 105.0 (72.0, 150.0)  < 0.001
 Maximum creatinine, mmol/L median (IQR) 73.0 (56.5, 96.0) 130.0 (95.0, 216.5)  < 0.001 76.0 (61.0, 96.0) 159.0 (117.0, 220.0)  < 0.001
 Number of creatinine measurements median (IQR) 2 (1,4) 6 (4,9)  < 0.001 2 (1,3) 5 (4,8)  < 0.001
 CRP at admission, mg/L median (IQR) (n = 1160) 42.0 (19.0, 84.0) 77.5 (39.0, 117.5)  < 0.001 26.0 (9.0, 65.0) 53.0 (25.0, 120.0)  < 0.001
Comorbidities, n (%)
 CCI, median IQR 3.0 (1.0, 4.0) 3.0 (2.0, 5.0) 0.03 2.0 (0.0, 4.0) 3.0 (1.0, 5.0)  < 0.001
 Hypertension 114 (50.9%) 44 (47.8%) 0.62 258 (36.0%) 60 (37.7%) 0.69
 Diabetes 93 (41.5%) 51 (55.4%) 0.02 226 (31.6%) 65 (40.9%) 0.02
 Chronic heart failure 49 (21.9%) 25 (27.2%) 0.31 124 (17.3%) 51 (32.1%)  < 0.001
 Myocardial infarction 7 (3.1%) 6 (6.5%) 0.17 27 (3.8%) 5 (3.1%) 0.70
 COPD 49 (21.9%) 18 (19.6%) 0.65 98 (13.7%) 20 (12.6%) 0.71
 Asthma 12 (5.4%) 4 (4.3%) 0.71 21 (2.9%) 3 (1.9%) 0.47
 Cancer 18 (8.0%) 7 (7.6%) 0.90 44 (6.1%) 12 (7.5%) 0.51
 Stroke 19 (8.5%) 8 (8.7%) 0.95 42 (5.9%) 10 (6.3%) 0.84
 Atrial fibrillation 64 (28.6%) 31 (33.7%) 0.37 173 (24.2%) 48 (30.2%) 0.11
 MCI or dementia 55 (24.6%) 27 (29.3%) 0.38 225 (31.4%) 50 (31.4%) 1.00
Medication at admission, n (%)
 ACEIs 51 (22.8%) 25 (27.2%) 0.41 146 (20.4%) 41 (25.8%) 0.13
 ARBs 55 (24.6%) 23 (25.0%) 0.93 169 (23.6%) 38 (23.9%) 0.94
 Betablockers 120 (53.6%) 56 (60.9%) 0.24 381 (53.2%) 94 (59.1%) 0.18
 CCBs 73 (32.6%) 32 (34.8%) 0.71 191 (26.7%) 55 (34.6%) 0.05
 Diuretics 121 (54.0%) 56 (60.9%) 0.26 395 (55.2%) 115 (72.3%)  < 0.001
 Statins 79 (35.3%) 38 (41.3%) 0.31 247 (34.5%) 69 (43.4%) 0.04
 LMWH/NOAC/warfarin 189 (84.4%) 77 (83.7%) 0.88 393 (54.9%) 102 (64.2%) 0.03
 Antiplatelets 77 (34.4%) 40 (43.5%) 0.13 215 (30.0%) 58 (36.5%) 0.11
 NSAIDs 8 (3.6%) 2 (2.2%) 0.52 42 (5.9%) 5 (3.1%) 0.17
 Glucocorticoids 46 (20.5%) 16 (17.4%) 0.52 104 (14.5%) 27 (17.0%) 0.43
 Antibiotics 104 (46.4%) 55 (59.8%) 0.03 269 (37.6%) 86 (54.1%)  < 0.001
Outcomes
 AKI severity, n (%) 0.04
  Stage 1 72 (78.3%) 142 (89.3%)
  Stage 2 15 (16.3%) 11 (6.9%)
  Stage 3 5 (5.4%) 6 (3.8%)
In-hospital death, n (%) 29 (12.9%) 35 (38.0%)  < 0.001 7 (1.0%) 19 (11.9%)  < 0.001

Stay in hospital, days

Mean SD

8.8 ± 6.0 13.2 ± 7.5  < 0.001 6.8 ± 3.8 12.0 ± 7.3  < 0.001

SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range, AKI acute kidney injury, SBP systolic BP, DBP diastolic BP, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, CRP C-reactive protein, CCI Charlson Comorbidity Index, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, MCI mild cognitive impairment, ACEIs angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, ARBs angiotensin receptor blockers, CCBs calcium channel blockers, LMWH low molecular weight heparin, NOAC non-vitamin-k oral anticoagulant, NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs