Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of geriatric patients (n = 1191) according to the presence of acute kidney injury (AKI) and COVID-19 diagnosis, respectively
| COVID-19 (n = 316) | Other diagnosis (n = 875) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-AKI | with AKI | p-value | Non-AKI | with AKI | p value | |
| Patients, n (%) | 224 (71%) | 92(29%) | 716 (82%) | 159(18%) | ||
| Age, year mean ± SD | 82.0 ± 8.6 | 82.8 ± 8.3 | 0.45 | 82.6 ± 8.6 | 85.5 ± 8.4 | < 0.001 |
| Women, n (%) | 121 (54.0%) | 43 (46.7%) | 0.24 | 421 (58.8%) | 88 (55.3%) | 0.42 |
|
BMI, kg/m2 Mean ± SD (n = 675) |
24.9 ± 6.2 | 24.3 ± 5.4 | 0.66 | 24.4 ± 5.3 | 24.9 ± 4.8 | 0.33 |
| BMI < 18.5, n (%) | 10 (12%) | 4 (12%) | 0.91 | 43 (9.3%) | 7 (7.1%) | 0.75 |
| BMI 18.5 to < 25, n (%) | 40 (49%) | 19(56%) | 237 (51.3%) | 53 (54.1%) | ||
| BMI 25 to < 30, n (%) | 21 (26%) | 8 (24%) | 118 (25.5%) | 22 (22.4%) | ||
| BMI ≥ 30, n (%) | 10 (12%) | 3 (9%) | 64 (13.9%) | 16 (16.3%) | ||
| Vital signs at admission, mean SD | ||||||
| Temperature, °C (n = 1190) | 37.1 ± 0.7 | 37.2 ± 0.9 | 0.25 | 37.0 ± 0.5 | 36.9 ± 0.7 | 0.42 |
| SBP, mmHg (n = 1185) | 132.7 ± 21.4 | 130.2 ± 20.7 | 0.34 | 132.2 ± 21.6 | 129.2 ± 22.4 | 0.11 |
| DBP, mmHg (n = 1185) | 71.5 ± 11.1 | 71.2 ± 13.2 | 0.88 | 73.5 ± 12.3 | 72.5 ± 13.4 | 0.37 |
| Pulse rate, /min (n = 1188) | 79.7 ± 15.5 | 82.5 ± 15.1 | 0.13 | 79.5 ± 14.1 | 79.6 ± 15.5 | 0.92 |
| Saturation, % (n = 1015) | 93.0 ± 5.9 | 92.5 ± 6.2 | 0.51 | 95.4 ± 4.8 | 94.8 ± 3.4 | 0.17 |
| < 90%, n (%) | 24(14.0%) | 15(18.5%) | 0.65 | 26 (4.2%) | 10 (6.8%) | 0.38 |
| 90 to < 94%, n (%) | 54(31.6%) | 25(30.9%) | 120 (19.5%) | 30 (20.4%) | ||
| ≥ 94%, n (%) | 93(54.4%) | 41(50.6%) | 470 (76.3%) | 107 (72.8%) | ||
| Lab values | ||||||
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 baseline, mean ± SD | 67.3 ± 21.1 | 56.9 ± 26.4 | < 0.001 | 63.6 ± 20.6 | 46.5 ± 24.6 | < 0.001 |
| eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min, n (%) | 146 (65.2%) | 42 (45.7%) | < 0.001 | 429 (59.9%) | 39 (24.5%) | < 0.001 |
| eGFR 30–59 mL/min, n (%) | 68 (30.4%) | 34 (37.0%) | 246 (34.4%) | 77 (48.4%) | ||
| eGFR < 30 mL/min, n (%) | 10 (4.5%) | 16 (17.4%) | 41 (5.7%) | 43 (27.0%) | ||
| Minimum creatinine, mmol/L median (IQR) | 66.0 (49.0, 89.5) | 81.5 (57.5, 126.0) | < 0.001 | 70.0 (55.0, 89.0) | 105.0 (72.0, 150.0) | < 0.001 |
| Maximum creatinine, mmol/L median (IQR) | 73.0 (56.5, 96.0) | 130.0 (95.0, 216.5) | < 0.001 | 76.0 (61.0, 96.0) | 159.0 (117.0, 220.0) | < 0.001 |
| Number of creatinine measurements median (IQR) | 2 (1,4) | 6 (4,9) | < 0.001 | 2 (1,3) | 5 (4,8) | < 0.001 |
| CRP at admission, mg/L median (IQR) (n = 1160) | 42.0 (19.0, 84.0) | 77.5 (39.0, 117.5) | < 0.001 | 26.0 (9.0, 65.0) | 53.0 (25.0, 120.0) | < 0.001 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
| CCI, median IQR | 3.0 (1.0, 4.0) | 3.0 (2.0, 5.0) | 0.03 | 2.0 (0.0, 4.0) | 3.0 (1.0, 5.0) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 114 (50.9%) | 44 (47.8%) | 0.62 | 258 (36.0%) | 60 (37.7%) | 0.69 |
| Diabetes | 93 (41.5%) | 51 (55.4%) | 0.02 | 226 (31.6%) | 65 (40.9%) | 0.02 |
| Chronic heart failure | 49 (21.9%) | 25 (27.2%) | 0.31 | 124 (17.3%) | 51 (32.1%) | < 0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 7 (3.1%) | 6 (6.5%) | 0.17 | 27 (3.8%) | 5 (3.1%) | 0.70 |
| COPD | 49 (21.9%) | 18 (19.6%) | 0.65 | 98 (13.7%) | 20 (12.6%) | 0.71 |
| Asthma | 12 (5.4%) | 4 (4.3%) | 0.71 | 21 (2.9%) | 3 (1.9%) | 0.47 |
| Cancer | 18 (8.0%) | 7 (7.6%) | 0.90 | 44 (6.1%) | 12 (7.5%) | 0.51 |
| Stroke | 19 (8.5%) | 8 (8.7%) | 0.95 | 42 (5.9%) | 10 (6.3%) | 0.84 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 64 (28.6%) | 31 (33.7%) | 0.37 | 173 (24.2%) | 48 (30.2%) | 0.11 |
| MCI or dementia | 55 (24.6%) | 27 (29.3%) | 0.38 | 225 (31.4%) | 50 (31.4%) | 1.00 |
| Medication at admission, n (%) | ||||||
| ACEIs | 51 (22.8%) | 25 (27.2%) | 0.41 | 146 (20.4%) | 41 (25.8%) | 0.13 |
| ARBs | 55 (24.6%) | 23 (25.0%) | 0.93 | 169 (23.6%) | 38 (23.9%) | 0.94 |
| Betablockers | 120 (53.6%) | 56 (60.9%) | 0.24 | 381 (53.2%) | 94 (59.1%) | 0.18 |
| CCBs | 73 (32.6%) | 32 (34.8%) | 0.71 | 191 (26.7%) | 55 (34.6%) | 0.05 |
| Diuretics | 121 (54.0%) | 56 (60.9%) | 0.26 | 395 (55.2%) | 115 (72.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Statins | 79 (35.3%) | 38 (41.3%) | 0.31 | 247 (34.5%) | 69 (43.4%) | 0.04 |
| LMWH/NOAC/warfarin | 189 (84.4%) | 77 (83.7%) | 0.88 | 393 (54.9%) | 102 (64.2%) | 0.03 |
| Antiplatelets | 77 (34.4%) | 40 (43.5%) | 0.13 | 215 (30.0%) | 58 (36.5%) | 0.11 |
| NSAIDs | 8 (3.6%) | 2 (2.2%) | 0.52 | 42 (5.9%) | 5 (3.1%) | 0.17 |
| Glucocorticoids | 46 (20.5%) | 16 (17.4%) | 0.52 | 104 (14.5%) | 27 (17.0%) | 0.43 |
| Antibiotics | 104 (46.4%) | 55 (59.8%) | 0.03 | 269 (37.6%) | 86 (54.1%) | < 0.001 |
| Outcomes | ||||||
| AKI severity, n (%) | 0.04 | |||||
| Stage 1 | 72 (78.3%) | 142 (89.3%) | ||||
| Stage 2 | 15 (16.3%) | 11 (6.9%) | ||||
| Stage 3 | 5 (5.4%) | 6 (3.8%) | ||||
| In-hospital death, n (%) | 29 (12.9%) | 35 (38.0%) | < 0.001 | 7 (1.0%) | 19 (11.9%) | < 0.001 |
|
Stay in hospital, days Mean SD |
8.8 ± 6.0 | 13.2 ± 7.5 | < 0.001 | 6.8 ± 3.8 | 12.0 ± 7.3 | < 0.001 |
SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range, AKI acute kidney injury, SBP systolic BP, DBP diastolic BP, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, CRP C-reactive protein, CCI Charlson Comorbidity Index, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, MCI mild cognitive impairment, ACEIs angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, ARBs angiotensin receptor blockers, CCBs calcium channel blockers, LMWH low molecular weight heparin, NOAC non-vitamin-k oral anticoagulant, NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs