Table 1.
Summary of island systems for all genera and species1 of native vascular plants.
| Archipelago | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | New Zealanda | Canary Islandsb | Hawaiian Islandsc | Juan Fernándezd | Galápagose |
| No. of islands | 3 main islands plus ~600 smaller islands/islets | 7 main islands plus 6 smaller islands/islets | 8 main islands, plus 129 smaller islands/islets | 3 islands | 18 main islands, plus 110 smaller islands/islets/rocks |
| Area of islands | 268,021km2 | 7,493km2 | 28,311km2 | 100.2km2 | 7,985km2 |
| Shortest distance from nearest continental neighbor | 1,490km E of Australia | 96kmW of Morocco | 3,500km SW of United States | 580kmW of Chile | 930kmW of mainland Ecuador |
| Main reference for data in rows below | Schönberger et al. (2019) 2 | Arechavaleta et al. (2010) | Wagner et al. (2005 and electronic updates); Imada (2012) | Stuessy et al. (2017) | Jaramillo Díaz et al. (2017, 2018) |
| No. native species | 2,551 | 1,6773 | 1,233 | 209 | 550 |
| No. endemic species (%) | 2,096 (82%) | 647 (39%) | 1,082 (88%) | 136 (65%) | 204 (37%) |
| No. species with chromosome numbers (%) | 1,962 (77%) | 1,171 (70%) | 414 (34%) | 87 (42%) | 39 (7%) |
| No. species with genome size estimates (%) | 245 (12.5%) | 237 (14%) | 29 (2%) | 0 | 0 |
| No. native genera | 430 | 466 | 272 | 103 | 277 |
| No. endemic genera (%) | 48 (11%)4 | 22 (5%) | 30 (11%) | 12 (11%) | 7 (3%) |
| No. genera with multiple ploidies on island (% of total/% of genera with at least two native species) | 88 (21%/35%) | 96 (21%/40%) | 27 (10%/19%) | 5 (5%/13%) | 3 (1%/3%) |
| Range of ploidy levels in one genus | 1–6 | 1–4 | 1–2 | 1–2 | 1–2 |
| Most common ploidy levels (range) | 2x, 4x, 6x (2x–20x) | 2x, 4x (2x–12x) | 2x, 4x (4x–6x) | 2x, 4x (2x–8x) | 2x, 4x (2x–4x) |
| No. genera with two or more native species on island (%) | 256 (60%) | 239 (51%) | 139 (51%) | 39 (38%) | 105 (38%) |
| No. genera5 for which a molecular phylogeny is available (% of native genera) | 205 (48%) | 170 (36%) | 86 (32%) | 31 (30%) | 71 (26%) |
| No. genera5 for which a dated molecular phylogeny is available (% of native genera) | 112 (26%) | 41 (9%) | 27 (10%) | 8 (8%) | 4 (1%) |
| No. total genera (%) / no. genera5 (%) for which there is at least one known chromosome number6 | 389 (92%)/250 (98%) | 406 (87%)/219 (92%) | 155 (57%)/92 (67%) | 58 (56%)/25 (64%) | 21 (8%)/13 (12%) |
| No. species per genus range/average/median | 1–143/6.0/2 | 1–33/3.6/2 | 1–80/4.5/2 | 1–12/2.0/1 | 1–19/2.0/1 |
| No. gymnosperm species (% endemic) | 22 (100%) | 6 (33%) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| No. gymnosperm genera (% endemic) | 10 (30%) | 3 (0%) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| No. fern species (% endemic) | 210 (46%) | 50 (6%) | 167 (75%) | 57 (46%) | 125 (9%) |
| No. fern genera (% endemic) | 57 (4%) | 23 (0%) | 51 (4%) | 24 (2%) | 52 (0%) |
Island geographic data from:
c
1
Includes species, subspecies, varieties, and forms; collectively called “species” for simplicity.
2
Most data generally agree with Breitwieser et al. (2012).
3
The species numbers here include 288 subspecies, which means they will be higher than in Arechavaleta et al. (2010) which only counts species.
4
But see Garnock-Jones (2014) who suggested the actual number of endemic genera is lower, ca. 28–44 (7–10%).
5
With two or more native species on the island.
6
From a specimen of at least one native species from the island.