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. 2020 May 13;117(4):1178–1187. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa143

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Ketones decrease cardiac efficiency. (A, C) Cardiac efficiency as calculated by cardiac work normalized to total TCA cycle activity (n = 3–7). (B, D) Cardiac efficiency as calculated by cardiac work normalized to oxygen consumption (n = 8–13). Hearts perfused with 0 mM βOHB are represented by yellow circles, 0.6 mM βOHB by orange triangles, and 2.0 mM βOHB by red squares. A one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons was carried out for (A, C) while a two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons was carried out for (B, D). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05 compared to the 0 mM βOHB group. †P < 0.05 compared to the without insulin group.