Figure 2.

Summary of results across methods characterizing links between physical punishment (T1) and children’s cognitive development (T2). DD = difference in differences; NN = nearest neighbor matching; 4-NN = four nearest neighbors matching; clustered standard errors were used for lagged, DD, and entropy matching and bootstrapped standard errors with 100 repetitions for propensity score matching (PSM); bars represent 95% confidence intervals. See the online article for the color version of this figure.