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Results of falsification test predicting T1 cognitive skills from T2 physical punishment in reversed time. (See Table S6 for details). DD = difference in differences; NN = nearest neighbor match; 4-NN = four nearest neighbors match; clustered standard error for Lagged, DD, and Entropy matching and bootstrapped standard errors with 100 repetitions for propensity score matching (PSM); bars represent 95% confidence intervals. See the online article for the color version of this figure.
