Table 1.
Sample Characteristics in T1 (N = 1,167)
| Variable | M | SD | Observed minimum | Observed maximum |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Independent variable | ||||
| Physical punishment (ever) T1 | 0.41 | 0.49 | 0 | 1 |
| Dependent variable | ||||
| Cognitive skills T2 (Bayley-III raw score) | 72.09 | 4.52 | 37 | 84 |
| Covariates (all T1) | ||||
| Child characteristics | ||||
| Age in months | 17.79 | 3.74 | 9 | 26 |
| Sex (1 = boy; 0 = girl) | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0 | 1 |
| Hemoglobin concentration (g/dL) | 11.36 | 1.30 | 6.70 | 15.10 |
| Weight (kg) | 10.37 | 1.43 | 6.2 | 17 |
| Height (cm) | 79.06 | 4.47 | 66.90 | 91.80 |
| Child development (Bayley-III raw scores) | ||||
| Cognitive skills | 51.83 | 7.39 | 28 | 72 |
| Receptive language | 20.25 | 4.98 | 6 | 36 |
| Expressive language | 20.21 | 6.33 | 3 | 44 |
| Fine motor skills | 34.39 | 3.95 | 17 | 50 |
| Gross motor skills | 50.53 | 6.82 | 26 | 67 |
| Temperament | ||||
| Activity level | 3.22 | 0.76 | 1 | 5 |
| Emotional tone | 3.33 | 0.94 | 1 | 5 |
| Cooperativeness | 3.38 | 0.97 | 1 | 5 |
| Mother characteristics | ||||
| Age in years | 26.27 | 6.61 | 14 | 47 |
| Highest level of education | ||||
| Primary | 0.35 | 0.48 | 0 | 1 |
| Secondary or higher | 0.65 | 0.48 | 0 | 1 |
| Currently attends school | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0 | 1 |
| Depressive symptoms | 9.04 | 5.47 | 0 | 28 |
| Index of disability | 0.18 | 0.39 | 0 | 1 |
| Maternal beliefs regarding child development (1 = yes; 0 = no) | ||||
| Children’s intelligence is fixed | 0.35 | 0.48 | 0 | 1 |
| Knowing words improves learning | 0.88 | 0.33 | 0 | 1 |
| Playing increases achievement | 0.87 | 0.34 | 0 | 1 |
| Children start to talk according to nature | 0.74 | 0.44 | 0 | 1 |
| School achievement determines earnings | 0.60 | 0.49 | 0 | 1 |
| Playing alone is good | 0.32 | 0.47 | 0 | 1 |
| Better to wait until telling stories | 0.48 | 0.50 | 0 | 1 |
| Praising makes the child overly confident | 0.46 | 0.50 | 0 | 1 |
| A busy parent should spend time playing | 0.80 | 0.40 | 0 | 1 |
| Home environment | ||||
| Father lives at home | 0.67 | 0.47 | 0 | 1 |
| A household member died recently | 0.02 | 0.16 | 0 | 1 |
| Family wealth | 0.04 | 1.63 | −10.87 | 3.19 |
| Stimulating materials | 3.59 | 1.59 | 0 | 9 |
| Cognitive stimulation | 3.05 | 1.61 | 0 | 7 |
| Municipality characteristics | ||||
| Population (in 1,000s) | 25.70 | 13.28 | 6.53 | 72.96 |
| Number of resources | 45.33 | 31.84 | 10 | 190 |
| Number of shocks | 1.76 | 1.55 | 0 | 6 |
| Multidimensional poverty index (2005) | 63.19 | 11.25 | 32.39 | 87.76 |
| Unsatisfied basic needs index (2011) | 34.07 | 13.70 | 11.14 | 100 |
| Average Saber 11 test score | 242.31 | 10.75 | 212.621 | 279.511 |
| FARC guerrillas (1 = present; 0 = not present) | 0.80 | 0.40 | 0 | 1 |
| Homicide rate per 100,000 | 32.88 | 20.77 | 0 | 95.03 |
| Theft rate per 100,000 | 271.80 | 289.28 | 0 | 1492.02 |
| Terrorism rate per 100,000 | 9.74 | 16.75 | 0 | 71.57 |