Table 2.

Results From Lagged Dependent Variable Models Predicting T2 Standardized Cognitive Skills

Outcome: Cognitive skills (SD) at T2	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Physical punishment at T1	−0.22***	−0.08†	−0.09*	−0.09*
	(0.06)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
Cognitive skills (SD) at T1		0.91**	0.53**	0.51**
		(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)
Covariates	No	No	Yes	Yes
Number of children	1,167	1,167	1,167	1,167
R-squared	0.01	0.40	0.44	0.45

Note. Clustered-standard errors in parentheses Table S3 in the online supplemental materials presents coefficients for all covariates. Covariates included in Model 2: child age in months and sex. Covariates included in Model 3: child age in months and sex, receptive and expressive language, fine and gross motor. Model 4: same as Model 3 plus child activity, emotional tone and cooperativeness during BSID-III implementation, hemoglobin concentration, weight, maternal education, and wealth index.

^†p < .1.

^*p < .05.

^**p < .01.

^***p < .01.