. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Mar 22.

Published in final edited form as: Dev Psychol. 2020 Sep 7;56(11):2013–2026. doi: 10.1037/dev0001114

Table 3.

Results From Difference-in-Differences Models Predicting Cognitive Skills

Outcome: Cognitive skills (SD)	(1)	(2)	(3)

Time (T2; α₂)	1.78^**	1.78^**	1.79^**
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)
Physical punishment (α₁)	0.28^**	0.11^**	0.11^**
	(0.04)	(0.02)	(0.02)
Physical punishment × Time (β)	−0.20^**	−0.20^**	−0.19^**
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Covariates	No	Yes	Yes
Observations	2,334	2,334	2,334
Number of children	1,167	1,167	1,167
Overall R-squared	0.74	0.88	0.90

Note. Clustered-standard errors in parentheses Table S4 in the online supplemental materials presents coefficients for all covariates. All Covariates are at T1. Covariates included in (2): child age in months, sex, receptive and expressive language, fine and gross, motors. In (3): the same as (2) and child activity, emotional tone and cooperativeness during BSID-III implementation, hemoglobin, weight, height, maternal depression, age, education, disability index, stimulating materials at home, index of stimulation, maternal beliefs, and municipality characteristics.

^**

p < .01.