. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Mar 22.

Published in final edited form as: Dev Psychol. 2020 Sep 7;56(11):2013–2026. doi: 10.1037/dev0001114

Table 4.

Results From Difference-in-Differences-With-Matching Models Predicting Cognitive Skills at T2 From Physical Punishment at T1

Approach	Observed coefficient	Standard error^a	95% CI	N in common support

PSM—NN	−0.21^*	0.08	[−0.36, −0.05]	1,154
PSM—4 NN	−0.13^*	0.06	[−0.26, −0.00]	1,154
PSM—Radius	−0.13^**	0.05	[−0.23, −0.04]	1,154
PSM—Kernel	−0.13^*	0.05	[−0.24, −0.03]	1,154
Entropy	−0.12^*	0.06	[−0.23, −0.00]	1,167

Note. PSM = propensity score matching. In bold: Double difference, which represents the effect of corporal punishment on children’s cognitive development.

Bootstrapped standard error with 100 repetitions for PSM and clustered standard error for entropy matching.

p < .05.

^**

p < .01.