TABLE 3.

Health-state utilities and QALY loss associated with each event

Health state#	Utility	Lower 95% CI	Upper 95% CI
Moderate COPD	0.787	0.771	0.802
Severe COPD	0.750	0.731	0.768
Very severe COPD	0.647	0.598	0.695
Event	QALY loss per event	Lower 95% CI	Upper 95% CI
Moderate exacerbation¶	0.011	0.006	0.020
Severe exacerbation¶	0.020	0.020	0.030
Pneumonia+	0.011	0.006	0.020

QALY: quality-adjusted life year; NICE: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. ^#: source Rutten-van Mölken et al. [20]; ^¶: source NICE Guidelines, 2010 [22]; ⁺: assumption: equivalent to moderate exacerbation.