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. 2021 Feb 9;41(4):914–916. doi: 10.1177/0271678X21992664

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© The Author(s) 2021

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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Figure 1. — Time course of stroke and potential blood biomarkers. Current measures of stroke consist of clinical assessments and neuronal imaging to confirm a stroke and initiate enzymatic thrombolysis (tPA) and/or mechanical thrombectomy (MT) treatment. The therapeutic window of the treatments is 4–6.5 hours following stroke. Several days after stroke rehabilitative training begins and can continue for months-years. Regular measures of motor and cognitive abilities are performed to determine long-term effects of stroke e.g. NIHSS, MMSE, mRS. Types of Biomarker: To measure the risk to develop a disease (risk prediction); To confirm the presence of a disease or identify subtypes (diagnosis); to identify probability to develop a clinical event in patients with a disease (prognosis); to predict probability to develop any effect as consequence of clinical intervention (prediction); to monitor the status of a disease and the response to an intervention (monitoring). tPA: tissue plasminogen activator; MT: mechanical thrombectomy, NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; mRS: modified Rankin Scale; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination.