Table 1.
Demographic and clinical features of study population by mortality.
| Training cohort (n = 566) |
Validation cohort (n = 436) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Survivors (n = 475) | Non-survivors (n = 91) | p value | Survivors (n = 385) | Non-survivors (n = 51) | p value |
| Age, y | 58.6 ± 14.0 | 71.6 ± 13.8 | <0.001 | 64.4 ± 13.1 | 72.7 ± 11.4 | <0.001 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 241 (50.7%) | 32 (35.2%) | 0.006 | 171 (44.42%) | 22 (43.14%) | 0.863 |
| Male | 234 (49.3%) | 59 (64.8%) | 214 (55.58%) | 29 (56.86%) | ||
| SBP, mmHg | 130.01 ± 18.30 | 133.24 ± 23.12 | 0.141 | 133.72 ± 18.43 | 133.88 ± 18.36 | 0.953 |
| DBP, mmHg | 77.76 ± 11.70 | 79.10 ± 14.38 | 0.338 | 81.06 ± 11.74 | 77.53 ± 12.31 | 0.061 |
| Symptoms | ||||||
| Fever | 388 (81.68%) | 72 (79.12%) | 0.566 | 242 (62.86%) | 30 (58.82%) | 0.576 |
| Cough | 305 (64.21%) | 53 (58.24%) | 0.279 | 228 (59.22%) | 23 (45.10%) | 0.055 |
| Fatigue | 152 (32.00%) | 35 (38.46%) | 0.230 | 167 (43.38%) | 14 (27.45%) | 0.030 |
| Headache | 24 (5.05%) | 1 (1.10%) | 0.093 | 19 (4.94%) | 2 (3.92%) | 0.751 |
| Diarrhea | 78 (16.42%) | 11 (12.09%) | 0.298 | 37 (9.61%) | 2 (3.92%) | 0.181 |
| Dyspnea | 168 (35.37%) | 42 (46.15%) | 0.051 | 89 (23.12%) | 21 (41.18%) | 0.005 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension | 153 (32.2%) | 47 (51.7%) | <0.001 | 144 (37.40%) | 24 (47.06%) | 0.183 |
| Diabetes | 66 (13.9%) | 15 (16.5%) | 0.518 | 62 (16.10%) | 10 (19.61%) | 0.527 |
| Chronic lung disease | 15 (3.2%) | 13 (14.3%) | <0.001 | 17 (4.42%) | 6 (11.76%) | 0.027 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 36 (7.6%) | 17 (18.7%) | <0.001 | 71 (18.44%) | 15 (29.41%) | 0.064 |
| Malignancy | 12 (2.53%) | 5 (5.49%) | 0.129 | 6 (1.56%) | 5 (9.80%) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory findings on admission | ||||||
| White blood cell, × 109/L | 6.26 ± 3.63 | 9.94 ± 6.98 | <0.001 | 6.39 ± 3.03 | 10.16 ± 5.17 | <0.001 |
| Lymphocyte, × 109/L | 1.28 ± 0.67 | 0.66 ± 0.34 | <0.001 | 1.33 ± 0.57 | 0.71 ± 0.38 | <0.001 |
| Neutrophil, × 109/L | 4.39 ± 3.06 | 8.85 ± 6.81 | <0.001 | 4.37 ± 2.86 | 8.74 ± 5.01 | <0.001 |
| NLR | 4.87 ± 5.49 | 16.19 ± 11.71 | <0.001 | 4.33 ± 4.41 | 18.22 ± 19.30 | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 124.43 ± 16.13 | 120.74 ± 22.40 | 0.360 | 115.18 ± 21.14 | 114.29 ± 26.89 | 0.786 |
| Platelet, × 109/L | 233.07 ± 88.19 | 179.40 ± 105.07 | <0.001 | 238.20 ± 96.46 | 187.02 ± 111.46 | <0.001 |
| PCT, ng/mL | 1.24 ± 17.29 | 2.50 ± 9.66 | <0.001 | 0.37 ± 2.59 | 1.71 ± 6.27 | 0.006 |
| AST, U/L | 35.58 ± 76.31 | 49.59 ± 38.58 | <0.001 | 28.58 ± 35.31 | 149.38 ± 597.64 | <0.001 |
| Total bilirubin, μmol/L | 12.29 ± 7.00 | 18.12 ± 11.82 | <0.001 | 10.09 ± 5.84 | 14.71 ± 10.74 | <0.001 |
| Albumin, g/L | 37.62 ± 4.74 | 34.46 ± 5.67 | <0.001 | 34.83 ± 4.34 | 29.92 ± 4.07 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 67.08 ± 59.47 | 122.32 ± 190.02 | <0.001 | 111.32 ± 177.38 | 133.48 ± 178.21 | 0.022 |
| CRP, mg/L | 35.35 ± 47.24 | 99.88 ± 66.75 | <0.001 | 15.21 ± 27.87 | 65.80 ± 51.70 | <0.001 |
| D-dimer, μg/mL | ||||||
| ≤1 | 292 (61.5%) | 17 (18.7%) | <0.001 | 227 (58.96%) | 9 (17.65%) | <0.001 |
| >1 | 183 (38.5%) | 74 (81.3%) | 158 (41.04%) | 42 (82.35%) | ||
Abbreviation: SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; RR, respiratory rate; HR, heart rate; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PCT, procalcitonin; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CRP, C-reactive protein.