TABLE 4.
Summary of studies that applied axial compression to disc joints, followed by recovery
| Time (hr) | Applied load (N) | Applied stress (MPa) | Species | Comparable in vivo activity | Recovery time (hr) | Recovery load (N) | Recovery stress (MPa) | Comparable in vivo activity | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Burns 301 | 8 | 178 | 0.10 | Human | Less than slouched sitting | 16 | 44 | 0.02 | Less than lying |
| Bass 30 | 0.33 | 100 | 0.11 | Porcine | Less than slouched sitting | 0.67 | 0 | 0 | Not comparable (NC) |
| Dhillon 29 | 0.33 | 1.00 | Human | High Loading | 0.67 | 0 | 0 | NC | |
| MacLean 306 | 4 | 2.5 | 0.20 | Rat‐tail | Sitting | 6 | 0.04 | Supine lying | |
| van der Veen 276 | 0.25 | 2.00 | Porcine | High Loading | 0.5 | 0.001 | NC | ||
| Hsieh 305 | 0.25 | 0.30 | Rat‐tail | Standing | 0.5 | 0.003 | NC | ||
| Chuang 304 , 308 | 1 | 750 | 1.01 | Bovine | High Loading | 24 | 0 | NC | |
| O'Connell 275 | 4 | 1000 | 0.55 | Human | Holding <20 kg near body | Up to 24 | 20 | 0.01 | Less than lying |
| Bezci 303 | 2 | 300 | 0.61 | Bovine | Holding 20 kg near body | 12 | 20 | 0.04 | Supine lying |
| Bezci 302 | 24 | 100‐1200 | 0.15‐2.00 | Bovine | Sitting to High Loading | 18 | 10 | 0.02 | Less than lying |
Note: For studies that did not report stress, applied stress was calculated by using either the average disc area reported in the paper or species‐specific disc area from data in O'Connell et al and/or Beckstein et al (italicized stress values). 99 , 121 Applied stress was then compared to in vivo loading conditions using data provided in Table 2. Bovine discs are acquired from the caudal region of the spine due to cuts made in the lumbar spine for the meat industry. All other discs were taken from the lumbar region unless specified (eg, for rat or mouse).