Table 1.
Sample baseline characteristics by functional profiles
| Functional profiles | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy profile N = 1613 | Isolated CIND N = 441 | Isolated slow WS N = 255 | CIND + slow WS N = 237 | P value | |
| Women | 930 (57.7) | 275 (62.4) | 181 (71.0) | 175 (73.8) | <0.001 |
| Age (mean ± SD) | 69.3 ± 8.6 | 71.3 ± 8.6 | 81.1 ± 7.8 | 82.8 ± 9.4 | 0.049 |
| Education | |||||
| Elementary school | 143 (8.9) | 78 (17.7) | 50 (19.6) | 85 (35.9) | <0.001 |
| High school | 744 (46.1) | 244 (55.3) | 145 (56.9) | 114 (48.1) | |
| University | 726 (45.0) | 119 (27.0) | 60 (23.5) | 38 (16.0) | |
| Functional assessment | |||||
| MMSE score, (mean ± SD) | 29.2±1.0 | 28.5±1.7 | 28.4 ± 1.4 | 27.0 ± 2.6 | <0.001 |
| Walking speed (m/s) (mean ± SD) | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Disability, at least one ADL impaired | 9 (0.6) | 3 (0.7) | 11 (4.4) | 41 (17.4) | <0.001 |
| Clinical assessment | |||||
| No. of chronic diseases (mean ± SD) | 3.1 ± 1.8 | 3.4 ± 1.8 | 5.0 ± 1.7 | 5.0 ± 1.8 | 0.707 |
| No. of medications (mean ± SD) | 3.1 ± 2.9 | 3.3 ± 2.9 | 5.9 ± 3.7 | 5.7 ± 3.6 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 1131 (70.1) | 344 (78.0) | 214 (83.9) | 202 (85.0) | <0.001 |
| Cardio‐ and cerebrovascular diseasesa | 338 (21.0) | 125 (28.3) | 123 (48.2) | 137 (57.8) | <0.001 |
| Depression | 46 (2.9) | 30 (6.8) | 19 (7.5) | 25 (10.7) | <0.001 |
| Solid neoplasms | 133 (8.3) | 30 (6.8) | 32 (12.6) | 28 (11.8) | 0.019 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders | 53 (3.3) | 17 (3.9) | 28 (11.0) | 18 (7.6) | <0.001 |
| Malnutritionb | 21 (1.3) | 8 (1.8) | 14 (5.5) | 15 (6.3) | <0.001 |
| Genetic assessment | |||||
| APOE ε4 carrierc | 457 (29.6) | 134 (32.5) | 57 (24.0) | 54 (26.5) | 0.102 |
Note: Unless otherwise specified, figures show number (%). P‐values were obtained through chi‐squared test for categorical and analysis of variance for continuous variables.
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; CIND, cognitive impairment, no dementia; WS, walking speed. ADL, activities of daily living (analysis conducted on a sample of 2542).
a
Defined as ischemic heart disease, heart failure, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, or stroke.
b
Malnutrition, defined as body mass index <18.5 kg/m2.
c
Conducted on a sample of 2400 participants (94%).