. 2020 Nov 22;38(3):286–306. doi: 10.1002/da.23113

Table 1.

Study characteristics of included studies that provided lifetime and period prevalence (n = 146)

First author, year, country	Sample size	Study design	Mood disorder type^a	Anxiety disorder type^a	Diagnostic criteria	Risk estimate type	Control variables	Quality reporting score
Adam, 2012, Germany	4181	CS	DEP, DYS, BIPOLAR, MOOD	OCD	DSM‐IV	aOR	Age, sex	15
Alonso, 2004, Multiple countries	21 425	CS	DEP, DYS	GAD, PTSD, SO, SP, AGO, PD	DSM‐IV	OR	‐	15
Alvarenga, 2016, Brazil	2512	CS	DEP, BIPOLAR, MOOD	OCD	DSM‐IV	OR^b	‐	12
Andrews, 2002, Australia	10 641	CS	DEP, DYS	GAD, OCD, PTSD, PD, AGO, SO	DSM‐IV	OR, aOR	Mental disorders	14
Angst, 2005, Switzerland	591	PC	DEP, BIPOLAR	OCD	DSM‐IV	aOR	Sex	12
Arillo Crespo, 1998, Spain	237	CS	DEP	SP, AGO, SO, PTSD, PD, ANX	DSM‐III‐R	OR	‐	11
Autonell, 2007, Spain	5473	CS	DYS	GAD, PTSD, AGO, SO, SP	DSM‐IV	aOR	Sociodemographic variables	14
Beekman, 2000, the Netherlands	3056	PC	DEP	ANX	DSM‐III	OR^b	‐	12
Beesdo, 2007, Germany^c	3021	PC	MOOD	SO	DSM‐IV	OR	‐	15
Biederman, 2005, USA	1031	CC	DEP	PD	DSM‐III‐R	OR^b	‐	11
Blanco, 2017, USA	36 309	PC	BIPOLAR	AGO, PTSD	DSM‐5	aOR	Sex, age, race, marital status, education, household income, urbanicity, region, and mental disorders	16
Boyd, 1984, USA	11 519	CS	DEP	PD, AGO, SP, OCD	DSM‐III	OR	‐	11
Bromet, 2005, Ukraine	4725	CS	DEP, MOOD	GAD, PD, ANX	DSM‐IV	OR	‐	15
Bruce, 2001, USA	1492	PC	DEP, DYS	PTSD	DSM‐IV	OR^b		10
Cairney, 2007, Canada	12 792	CS	DEP	SO	DSM‐IV	aOR	Did not specify	15
Cairney, 2008, Canada	36 984	CS	DEP	SO, ANX	DSM‐IV	OR^b	‐	11
Carter, 2001, Germany	4181	CS	DEP, DYS, MOOD	GAD, PD, AGO, SO, SP, ANX	DSM‐IV	aOR	Age, sex	15
Cederlof, 2015, Sweden^c	19 814	CC	BIPOLAR	OCD	ICD	RR		13
Chartier, 2003, Canada	8116	CS	DEP, DYS, BIPOLAR	SO	DSM‐III‐R	aOR	Age, sex, education	16
Chavira, 2004, USA	1173	CS	DEP	SAD, GAD, SP, SO	DSM‐IV	aOR	Sex	14
Chen, 1995, USA	18 103	CS	DEP, BIPOLAR	PD	DSM‐III	aOR	Age, sex, race, marital status, education, socioeconomic status, history of alcohol and drug abuse	14
Chen, 2017, China	512 891	CS	DEP	GAD	DSM‐IV	aOR	Education, household income, occupation, smoking, alcohol, BMI, physical activity, chronic disease, mental disorders	16
Chou, 2009, USA	13 420	PC	BIPOLAR, DYS	SO	DSM‐IV	aOR	Age, sex, race, marital status, education, employment status, personal income, psychosocial risk factor, childhood experience, childlessness, foreign‐born, living alone, number of stressful life events, comorbid disorders	15
Chou, 2009, USA	34 653	PC	DYS, BIPOLAR	SP	DSM‐IV	aOR	Demographic variables, psychiatric disorders	15
Chou, 2010, USA	13 420	PC	DYS	PD	DSM‐IV	aOR	Age, sex, race, marital status, education, employment status, personal income, psychosocial risk factor, number of stressful life events, comorbid disorders	15
Choy, 2007, USA	5877	CS	DEP	SP	DSM‐III‐R	OR, aOR	Age, sex, race, marital status, income, education, mental disorders	14
Chuan, 2008, Singapore	1092	CS	DEP	ANX	DSM‐IV	OR, aOR	Age, sex, race, education, housing type, employment status, marital status, living arrangements	16
Copeland, 2013, USA	2967	CS, PC	DEP, DYS	GAD, SAD, SO	DSM‐IV	OR, aOR	Mental disorders	16
Corna, 2007, Canada	12 792	CS	DEP	PD	DSM‐IV	OR, aOR	Age, sex, marital status, income adequacy, education, language spoken, geographic location of residence, chronic health problems, limitations in ADLs/IADLS, mental disorders	15
Costello, 2003, USA^c	6674	PC	MOOD	ANX	DSM‐IV	OR, aOR	Mental disorders	13
Coyne, 1994, USA	1928	CS	DEP	ANX	DSM‐IV	OR^b	‐	10
Cyranowski, 2012, USA	939	PC	DEP	ANX	DSM‐IV	OR^b	‐	12
Davidson, 1991, USA	4423	PC	DEP	PTSD	DSM‐III	OR	‐	10
de Graaf, 2002, the Netherlands	7076	PC	DEP, DYS, BIPOLAR	ANX	DSM‐IV	OR	‐	12
de Graaf, 2003, the Netherlands	7076	PC	DEP, DYS, BIPOLAR	PD, AGO, SP, SO, GAD, OCD	DSM‐IV	OR	‐	13
Depla, 2008, the Netherlands	7076	PC	DEP, DYS, BIPOLAR	SP	DSM‐III‐R	aOR	Age, sex, other specific fears	15
Douglass, 1995, New Zealand	1037	PC	DEP, DYS	OCD	DSM‐III‐R	OR^b	‐	11
Essau, 1999, Germany	1035	CS	DEP	PD	DSM‐IV	OR^b	‐	11
Essau, 2003, Germany	1444	CS	DEP, DYS	ANX	DSM‐IV	OR	‐	13
Faravelli, 2004a, Italy	2500	CS	DEP, DYS	GAD, OCD, PD, SO, SP	DSM‐IV	OR^b	‐	9
Faravelli, 2004b, Italy	2363	CS	DEP, DYS	GAD, OCD, PD, SO, SP	DSM‐IV	OR^b	‐	11
Fehm, 2008, Germany	4181	CS	DEP, DYS, BIPOLAR, MOOD	SO	DSM‐IV	OR	‐	13
Fineberg, 2013, Switzerland	591	PC	DEP, BIPOLAR	OCD	DSM‐III	OR	‐	13
Fleitlich‐Bilyk, 2004, Brazil	1251	CS	DEP	ANX	DSM‐IV	aOR	Mental disorders	15
Ford, 2003, Multiple countries	‐^d	CS	DEP	ANX	DSM‐IV	aOR	Mental disorders	15
Fung, 2017, Hong Kong	5719	CS	DEP	ANX	ICD‐10	OR^b	‐	11
Gabilondo, 2010, Spain	5473	CS	DEP	GAD, AGO, SP, SO, PTSD, PD, ANX	DSM‐IV	aOR	Sex, education, marital status	15
Glaesmer, 2012, Germany	5033	CS	DEP	PTSD	DSM‐IV, ICD‐10	aOR	Age, sex	15
Goncalves, 2011, Australia	8841	CS	DEP	GAD	DSM‐IV	OR, aOR	Age, sex, living arrangements, financial problems, frequency family contact, caregiver status, stressful life events, worry about illness, exercise, chronic illness, functional limitations, self‐assessed health, medication, smoking, family history of anxiety	13
Goodwin, 2004, Germany^c	3021	PC	DEP, DYS, BIPOLAR, MOOD	PD	DSM‐IV	aOR	Age, sex	13
Grabe, 2001, Germany	4093	PC	DEP, DYS, BIPOLAR	OCD	DSM‐IV	OR	‐	14
Grant, 2005, USA	43 093	PC	BIPOLAR, DYS, MOOD	GAD	DSM‐IV	aOR	Age, race, sex, marital status, education, income, urbanicity, region of country	15
Grant, 2005, USA	43 093	PC	DYS, BIPOLAR, MOOD	SO	DSM‐IV	aOR	Age, race, marital status, education, income, urbanicity, region	15
Grant, 2005, USA	43 093	PC	BIPOLAR	PD, SO, SP, GAD, ANX	DSM‐IV	OR, aOR	Age, race, marital status, education, income, urbanicity, region	15
Gratzer, 2004, Canada	8116	CS	DEP	ANX	DSM‐III‐R	OR^b	‐	10
Grenier, 2011, Canada	2798	CS	DEP	SP	DSM‐IV	aOR	Age, sex, socioeconomic status	16
Gureje, 2010, Nigeria	6752	CS	DEP	ANX	DSM‐IV	aOR	Sex, education, marital status	16
Hasin, 2005, USA	43 093	PC	DEP	PD, SO, SP, GAD, ANX	DSM‐IV	OR, aOR	Age, sex, race, marital status, education, income, region, urbanicity	15
Hauffa, 2011, Germany	2510	CS	DEP	PTSD	DSM‐IV	OR^b	‐	11
He, 2009, China	8487	CS	MOOD	ANX	DSM‐IV	OR^b	‐	10
Hecht, 1990, Germany	1366	PC	MOOD	ANX	DSM‐III	OR^b	‐	10
Hek, 2011, the Netherlands	6007	PC	MOOD	GAD, AGO, ANX	DSM‐IV	aOR	Age, sex, education, living alone, cognitive status	16
Hunt, 2002, Australia	10 641	CS	DEP, DYS, MOOD	GAD	DSM‐IV	aOR	Mental disorders	15
Jaffee, 2002, New Zealand^c	1037	PC	DEP	ANX	DSM	aOR	Sex	13
Jeon, 2007, South Korea	6275	CS	DEP, MOOD	PTSD	DSM‐IV	aOR	Age, sex, education	15
Kang, 2016, South Korea^c	1204	PC	DEP	ANX	AGECAT	OR, aOR	Sex, housing, stressful life event, clinical factor	15
Kashani, 1988, USA	150	CS	DEP	ANX	DSM‐III	OR^b	‐	10
Katona, 1997, UK	774	CS	DEP	GAD, PHOBIA	CARE	OR^b	‐	8
Kawakami, 2004, Japan	1029	CS	MOOD	ANX	DSM‐III‐R	OR^b	‐	15
Kessler, 1995, USA	8098	CS	DYS	PTSD	DSM‐III‐R	OR	‐	13
Kessler, 1996, USA^c	8098	CS	DEP	GAD, AGO, SP, SO, PTSD, ANX	DSM‐III‐R	OR	‐	15
Kessler, 1997, USA	8098	CS	BIPOLAR	GAD, AGO, SP, SO, PD, PTSD, ANX	DSM‐III‐R	OR	‐	13
Kessler, 1999, USA	11 130	CS	DEP	GAD	DSM‐III‐R	OR^b	‐	11
Kessler, 1999, USA^c	8098	CS	BIPOLAR	SO	DSM‐III‐R	aOR	Age, sex, race, person‐year	14
Kessler, 2002a, Multiple countries^c	20 189	CS	DEP, DYS, MOOD	GAD	DSM‐III‐R	OR	‐	15
Kessler, 2002b, USA	8098	CS	DEP	GAD	DSM‐III‐R	OR^b	‐	11
Kim, 2016, South Korea	3013	CS	BIPOLAR	GAD, OCD, AGO, SO, SP, PTSD, PD, ANX	DSM‐IV	OR	‐	14
Kolada, 1994, Canada	3258	CS	DEP, DYS	OCD	DSM‐III	OR^b	‐	11
Lampe, 2003, Australia	10 641	CS	DEP, DYS	SO	DSM‐IV	aOR	Mental disorders	14
Leray, 2011, France	36 015	CS	DEP	GAD, SO, PD, AGO, PTSD, ANX	ICD‐10	aOR	Socio‐demographics	15
Lewinsohn, 1993, USA	1710	PC	BIPOLAR	ANX	DSM‐III‐R	OR	‐	12
Lewinsohn, 1995, USA	1709	PC	BIPOLAR	SAD, PD, PHOBIA, ANX	DSM‐III‐R	OR^b	‐	11
Lewinsohn, 1997, USA	1709	PC	DEP, DYS, BIPOLAR	PD, SO, SP, OCD, SAD, OVRANX, ANX	DSM‐III‐R	aOR	Sex, mental disorders	15
Lim, 2005, Singapore	2847	CS	DEP, DYS	GAD	DSM‐IV	OR^b	‐	12
Magee, 1996, USA	8098	CS	DYS, MOOD	AGO, SP, SO	DSM‐III‐R	OR	‐	15
Magklara, 2015, Greece	5614	CS	DEP	GAD, OCD, PD, AGO, PHOBIA	ICD‐10	aOR	Age, sex	16
Martin‐Merino, 2010, Multiple countries	97 170	nested CC	DEP	ANX	READ	aOR	Age, sex, calendar year, smoking, primary care physician visits, stress, sleep and ANXs	12
McCabe, 2006, Canada	12 792	CS	DEP	AGO	DSM‐IV	OR, aOR	Did not specify	15
McEvoy, 2011, Australia	8841	CS	DEP, DYS, BIPOLAR, MOOD	ANX	DSM‐IV	OR	‐	13
Mergl, 2007, Germany	394	CS	DEP, DYS	ANX	ICD‐10	OR		10
Merikangas, 1996, Multiple countries	‐^d	CS, PC	DEP	GAD, PD, AGO, SP, SO, ANX	DSM‐III, DSM‐III‐R	OR	‐	13
Merikangas, 2003, Switzerland	4547	PC	DEP	ANX	DSM	aOR	Mental disorders, sex, SCL‐90 risk group	14
Merikangas, 2011, Multiple countries	61 392	CS	BIPOLAR	GAD, PTSD, OCD, AGO, PD, SP, SO, SAD, ANX	DSM‐IV	aOR	Age, age‐squared, country	16
Mitchell, 2004, Australia	10 641	CS	BIPOLAR	GAD, OCD, PTSD, PD, AGO, SO	DSM‐IV	aOR	Mental disorders	15
Moffitt, 2007, New Zealand	1037	PC	DEP	GAD	DSM	OR		13
Mohammadi, 2006, Iran	25 180	CS	DEP, BIPOLAR	SO	DSM‐IV	OR	‐	13
Mohammadi, 2007, Iran	25 180	CS	DEP, BIPOLAR	OCD	DSM‐IV	OR	‐	10
Munyandamutsa, 2012, Rwanda	1000	CS	DEP	PTSD	DSM‐IV	OR	‐	15
Murphy, 2004, Canada	1201	PC	DEP	ANX	DSM‐III‐R	OR^b		11
Newman, 1996, New Zealand	1037	PC	MOOD	ANX	DSM‐III‐R	OR^b	‐	10
Ohayon, 2000, Canada	2516	CS	DEP, BIPOLAR	GAD, AGO, PD, SO, SP, OCD, PTSD	DSM‐IV	OR^b	‐	11
Ohayon, 2010, Multiple countries	18 980	CS	DEP	GAD, OCD, PTSD, AGO, PD, SP	DSM‐IV	OR	‐	10
Pakriev, 1998, Russia	855	CS	DEP	SO, SP	ICD‐10	OR	‐	12
Pietrzak, 2012, USA	34 653	PC	DEP, DYS, BIPOLAR, MOOD	PTSD	DSM‐IV	aOR	Sociodemographic variables, mental disorders	16
Pirkola, 2005, Finland	6038	CS	DEP	ANX	DSM‐IV	OR^b	‐	13
Preville, 2008, Canada	2798	CS	DEP	GAD, AGO	DSM‐IV	OR^b	‐	12
Prina, 2011, Multiple countries	‐^d	CS	DEP	ANX	ICD‐10	OR^b	‐	13
Rihmer, 2001, Hungary	2953	CS	DEP, BIPOLAR	GAD, PD, AGO, SO, SP	DSM‐III‐R	OR^b	‐	10
Ritchie, 2013, France^c	1968	PC	DEP	AGO	DSM‐IV	OR^b	‐	12
Rohde, 1991, USA	3770	PC	DEP	ANX	DSM‐III‐R	OR	‐	13
Romano, 2005, Canada	2000	PC	DEP	ANX	DSM‐III‐R	OR	‐	13
Roy‐Byrne, 2000, USA	8098	CS	DEP	PD	DSM‐III‐R	OR	‐	14
Rueda‐Jaimes, 2008, Colombia	474	CS	DEP	OCD	DSM‐IV	OR, aOR	Did not specify	15
Ruscio, 2008, USA	9282	CS	DEP, DYS, BIPOLAR, MOOD	SO	DSM‐III, DSM‐IV	aOR	Age, sex, race	15
Ruscio, 2010, USA	9282	CS	DEP, DYS, BIPOLAR, MOOD	OCD	DSM‐IV	aOR	Age, sex, race	15
Sahoo, 2010, India	500	CS	DEP	ANX	DSM‐IV, ICD‐10	OR^b	‐	12
Sartorius, 1996, Multiple countries	5438	CS	DEP	ANX	ICD‐10	OR	‐	11
Schaffer, 2006, Canada	36 984	CS	BIPOLAR	ANX	DSM‐IV	OR	‐	14
Schaub, 2000, Germany	516	CS	DEP	ANX	DSM‐III‐R	OR	‐	12
Schneier, 1992, USA	13 537	CS	DEP, DYS, BIPOLAR	SO	DSM‐III	aOR	Age, sex, site	15
Schoevers, 2003, the Netherlands	4051	PC	DEP	GAD	GMS‐AGECAT	OR^b	‐	11
Schrier, 2012, the Netherlands	725	CS	DEP	ANX	DSM‐IV	OR^b	‐	12
Scott, 2006, New Zealand	12 992	CS	DEP, DYS, BIPOLAR	PD, AGO, SP, SO, GAD, PTSD, OCD	DSM‐IV	OR	‐	12
Serrano‐Blanco, 2010, Spain	3820	CS	DEP, DYS	SO, SP, AGO, PD	DSM‐IV	OR	‐	14
Sicras‐Mainar, 2008, Spain	65 767	PC	DEP	GAD	ICD‐9	aOR	Age, sex, mental disorders	14
Spaner, 1994, Canada	3258	CS	DEP	OCD, PD, PHOBIA	DSM‐III	OR^b	‐	11
Stein, 2004, Canada	9953	CS	DEP	GAD	DSM‐III‐R	aOR	Age, sex, social class of parents, DYS	15
Stylianidis, 2014, Greece	900	CS	DEP	GAD, PD, AGO	ICD‐10	OR^b	‐	11
Subramaniam, 2013, Singapore	6616	CS	BIPOLAR	GAD, OCD	DSM‐IV	aOR	Age, sex, race	16
Szadoczky, 2002, Hungary	2953	CS	DEP	PD, GAD, AGO, SO, SP, OCD, ANX	DSM‐III‐R	OR	‐	14
Thompson, 1989, Canada	3258	CS	DEP	AGO, PD	DSM‐III	OR	‐	13
Trumpf, 2010, Germany	1538	PC	DEP, MOOD	SP	DSM‐IV	OR, aOR	Mental disorders	15
Tsuchiya, 2009, Japan^c	2437	CS	DEP	SO, AGO, SP	DSM‐IV	aOR	Sex, birth‐cohort, number of other ANXs, marital status, education	15
Vaiva, 2008, France	36 105	CS	DEP, DYS	PTSD	DSM‐IV	aOR	Variables that were significant in the univariate model	12
Van Ameringen, 2008, Canada	2991	CS	DEP	PTSD	DSM‐IV	OR	‐	13
van Balkom, 2000, the Netherlands	3107	PC	DEP	GAD, OCD, PD, PHOBIA	DSM‐III	OR	‐	13
van Loo, 2016, the Netherlands	167 729	PC	DEP	GAD	DSM‐IV	OR	‐	13
Weissman, 1994, Multiple countries	‐^d	CS, PC	DEP	OCD	DSM‐III	OR	‐	13
Weissman, 1996, Multiple countries	‐^d	CS, PC	DEP	OCD, PD	DSM‐III	aOR	Age, sex	13
Weissman, 1997, Multiple countries	1746	PC	DEP	PD	DSM‐III	aOR	Age, sex	13
Wichstrom, 2012, Norway	2475	CS	DEP	ANX	DSM‐IV	OR		14
Wittchen, 1992, Germany	1974	PC	MOOD	ANX	DSM‐III	OR^b	‐	11
Wittchen, 1994, USA	8098	CS	DEP, DYS	GAD	DSM‐IV	OR	‐	13
Wittchen, 1999, Germany	3021	PC	DEP, DYS, MOOD	SO	DSM‐IV	aOR	Sex	14
Wittchen, 2000, Germany	4181	CS	DEP	GAD	DSM‐IV	OR^b	‐	12
Zhang, 2015, France	2189	CS	DEP	GAD	DSM‐IV	OR, aOR	Age, sex, mental disorders	16
Zutshi, 2006, India	130	CC	BIPOLAR	GAD, OCD, SO, ANX	DSM‐IV	OR^b	‐	10

Abbreviations: AGO, agoraphobia with or without panic disorder; ANX, broadly defined anxiety disorder; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; BIPOLAR, bipolar I, II or bipolar disorder; CC, case‐control studies; CS, cross‐sectional studies; DEP, depressive disorder; DYS, dysthymia; GAD, generalized anxiety disorder; MOOD, mood disorder; OCD, obsessive‐compulsive disorder; OR, odds ratio; OVRANX, overanxious disorder; PC, prospective cohort studies; PD, panic disorder; PHOBIA, phobia disorder; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; RR, risk ratio; SAD, separation anxiety disorder; SO, social phobia or social anxiety disorder; SP, specific phobia or simple phobia.

^{^a}

Disorders assessed in the study. We did not extract comorbidity estimates within the same disorder class.

^{^b}

These are extracted from 2 × 2 table.

^{^c}

These studies have both temporally and non‐temporally ordered estimates.

^{^d}

Multiple sample sizes.