TABLE 2.
Range of Observed Mean Tissue Sodium Concentration (TSC) and Intracellular Sodium Concentration (ISC) for Normal and Specific Cancer Tissues at Different Magnetic Field Strength
| Tissue | Therapy | Sample size | Mean TSC (mM) | Mean ISC (mM) | Field strength (T) | Acquisition sequence | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal rat brain | — |
Fisher rat N = 5 |
45 ± 4 | — | 4.7T | 3D radial projection | 35 |
| Normal rat brain | — | Fisher rat N = 3 | 44.4 ± 3.7 | — | 21.1T | 3D back‐projection | 113 |
| Rat glioma | Radiotherapy | Fisher rat N = 13 N = 4 | Treated: 65 ± 12 Untreated: 55 ± 3 | — | 3.0T | Twisted projection pulse sequence (TPI) | 41 |
| Normal human brain | — | Healthy volunteers N = 12 | Gray matter:51.5 ± 4.5 White matter: 40.9 ± 3.8 | — | 3.0T | 3D density‐adapted projection reconstruction | 70 |
| Normal human brain | — | Healthy volunteers N = 11 | –––– | Full brain:12.56 Gray matter:11.41 White matter:13.59 | 3.0T | FLORET sequence | 71 |
| Normal human brain | — | Healthy volunteers N = 11 | Gray matter: 52.1 ± 7.1 White matter: 41 ± 6.7 | — | 3.0T | 3D‐Cones | 72 |
| Human glioma | — | Patients N = 20 | Tumor: 103 ± 36 Gray matter: 61 ± 9 White matter: 71 ± 13 | — | 1.5T | 3D twisted‐projection imaging sequence | 57 |
| Neuroblastoma | — |
Nude mice N = 29 |
87 ± 29 | — | 1.9T | 3D multiple echo pulse sequence | 114 |
| Human glioma | ––––‐ | Patients N = 8 | Tumor: 59.21 ± 11.19White matter: 30.30 ± 3.53 | Tumor: 12.2 ± 5.89White matter: 10.47 ± 3.05 | 3.0T | FLORET (TSC sequence)FLORET with fluid suppression by inversion recovery (IR): (ISC sequence) | 58 |
| Glioma | ––––‐ | Patients N = 10 | IDH mutation: 58.7 ± 10.4IDH wild type:40.5 ± 24.0 | — | 4.0T | Simultaneous single quantum‐ and triple quantum‐filtered imaging of 23Na (SISTINA) sequence | 59 |
| Breast cancer | Preoperative systemic therapy | Patients N = 6 |
Responders Baseline: 55.2 Treatment:43
Non‐responders Baseline: 56.2 Treatment: 58.1 |
— | 1.5T | A modified projection imaging sequence | 67 |
| Breast cancer | Preoperative systemic therapy |
Patients N = 18 |
Responders Baseline: 66 ± 18 Treatment:48.4 ± 8 Non‐responders Baseline: 51.7 ± 7.6 Treatment: 56.5 ± 1.6 |
— | 1.5T | Projection imaging sequence | 68 |
| Breast cancer | –— |
Patients N = 4 |
Tumor: 47 ± 12 Glandular tissue: 28 ± 4 Fatty tissue:20 ± 2 |
— | 1.5T |
Twisted Projection Imaging (TPI) Sequence |
85 |
| Breast cancer | — |
Patients N = 17 |
Tumor Malignant:69 ± 10 Benign:47 ± 8
Normal tissue Glandular:35 ± 3 Adipose:18 ± 3 |
— | 7T | acquisition‐weighted stack of spirals sequence | 86 |
| Breast cancer | — |
Patients N = 22 |
Tumor Lesion: 53 ± 16
Normal tissue Glandular:34 ± 13 Adipose:16 ± 14 |
— | 1.5T | Twisted projection imaging sequence | 87 |
| Prostate cancer | — |
Patients N = 15 |
Tumor Peripheral zone: 45.0 Normal Peripheral zone: 39.2 Transition zone:32.9 |
Tumor Peripheral zone: 19.9 Normal Peripheral zone:17.5 Transition zone:11.7 |
3.0T |
3D‐Cones (TSC)
inversion recovery sequences (ISC) |
79 |
| Prostate cancer | — |
Patients N = 8 |
Tumor:46.6 Normal Peripheral zone: 39.2 Transition zone:33.9 |
— | 3.0T | 3D‐Cones | 81 |
| High grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) | — |
Patients N = 12 |
Tumor: 56.8 ± 19.1 Skeletal muscle:33.2 ± 16.3 | Tumor: 30.8 ± 9.2 Skeletal muscle:20.5 ± 9.9 | 3.0T | 3D‐Cones (TSC) inversion recovery (ISC) | 31 |