Figure 1.

Production of NF-κB via HFD. HFD increases NF-κB through SFAs. Through JNK, ER stress can be activated. Meanwhile, NF-κB and ER stress will mediate each other. NF-κB induced IL-1β and TNF-α mediate the expression of HIF. Besides, SFAs induced PKCθ and JNK reduce the function of insulin in CNS. HIF activated POMC reduces food consumption in order to decrease the influence of HFD. On the contrary, AgRP will be inhibited by HIF. It’s possible that there is a relation between XBP1s and HIF.