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Activation of mTORC1. Extracellular signals such as growth factor can stimulate receptor that activate PI3K which will cause PIP3 generation. PIP3 then activate AKT by phosphorylation. TSC2 is phosphorylated by AKT and then inactivate TSC1/TSC2 complex which prevent RHEB activation. After that, GTP-bounded RHEB will activate mTORC1. eIF4E-binding protein 1 and S6K can be phosphorylated by activated mTORC1, and they can enhance mRNA translation. HIF-1α is one of the mTORC1 effectors.
