Table 1.
The baseline characteristics of study children with COVID-19 from 52 case reports.
| Characteristics | Asymptomatic COVID-19 (n = 26) | Mild/moderate COVID-19 (n = 160) | Severe COVID-19 (n = 15) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic information | ||||
| Age (months) | 72 (12.96, 120) | 48 (12, 108) | 12.96 (8.04, 96) | 0.458 |
| Age | 0.594 | |||
| ≤1 year | 5 (19.2%) | 37 (23.9%) | 5 (33.3%) | |
| >1 year | 21 (80.8%) | 118 (76.1%) | 10 (66.7%) | |
| Boys | 10 (40%) | 74 (48.1%) | 12 (80%) | 0.037 |
| Day to negative | 8.5 (6.5, 15) | 10 (5, 13) | 5 (5,5) | 0.658 |
| Comorbidity | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0,1) | <0.001 |
| Temperature | 36.4 (36, 36.7) | 38.1 (37.6, 38.55) | 39 (37.9, 40) | <0.001 |
| Clinical symptoms | ||||
| Fever | 0 (0%) | 97 (60.6%) | 11 (73.3%) | <0.001 |
| Nose symptoms | 0 (0%) | 20 (12.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0.058 |
| Throat symptoms | 0 (0%) | 22 (13.8%) | 2 (13.3%) | 0.132 |
| Cough | 0 (0%) | 58 (36.3%) | 11 (73.3%) | <0.001 |
| Phlegm sputum | 0 (0%) | 3 (1.9%) | 4 (26.7%) | <0.001 |
| Asthma/wheeze | 0 (0%) | 4 (2.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0.593 |
| Short of breath | 0 (0%) | 2 (1.3%) | 1 (6.7%) | 0.203 |
| Dyspnea/tachypnea | 0 (0%) | 2 (1.3%) | 13 (86.7%) | <0.001 |
| diarrhea | 0 (0%) | 12 (7.5%) | 5 (33.3%) | 0.001 |
| Nausea/vomiting | 0 (0%) | 13 (8.1%) | 6 (40%) | <0.001 |
| Abdominal pain | 0 (0%) | 3 (1.9%) | 0 (0%) | 0.677 |
| Headache | 0 (0%) | 4 (2.5%) | 1 (6.7%) | 0.418 |
| Fatigue symptoms | 0 (0%) | 6 (3.8%) | 2 (13.3%) | 0.104 |
| Chest radiography features | ||||
| Abnormal chest X-ray | 1 (4.3%) | 81 (65.3%) | 12 (92.3%) | <0.001 |
| Normal chest X-ray/CT | 22 (95.7%) | 43 (34.7%) | 1 (7.7%) | <0.001 |
| X-ray/CT unilateral injury | 0 (0%) | 23 (18.5%) | 3 (23.1%) | |
| X-ray/CT bilateral injury | 0 (0%) | 15 (12.1%) | 7 (53.8%) | |
| GGO (CT) | 0 (0%) | 43 (26.9%) | 7 (46.7%) | 0.002 |
| Laboratory biomarkers | ||||
| WBC (×109/L) | 8.14 (6.5, 9.42) | 6.7 (5.45, 8.6) | 9 (4.43, 11.96) | 0.173 |
| LYMPH (%) | 59.9 (25.4, 66.7) | 51 (42.3, 56.5) | NA | 0.933 |
| LYMPH (×109/L) | 2.89 (2.4, 3.7) | 2.69 (1.75, 4.05) | 1.76 (0.8, 2.47) | 0.042 |
| NEUT (%) | 27.8 (25.4, 32.1) | 34.2 (25, 42) | NA | 0.568 |
| NEUT (×109/L) | 3.2 (2.1, 5.56) | 2.49 (1.3, 3.6) | 3.8 (1.27, 7.77) | 0.226 |
| MONO | NA | 1.26 (0.95, 7.45) | 0.89 (0.08, 1.69) | 0.643 |
| HGB (g/L) | 133 (128, 142) | 126 (115, 136) | 108 (100, 153) | 0.378 |
| PLT (×109/L) | 278 (260, 358) | 256 (188, 311) | 193 (183.5, 216) | 0.131 |
| CRP (mg/mL) | 0.71 (0.2, 3.58) | 2.01 (0.5, 8) | 24.6 (6.48, 24.8) | 0.019 |
| PCT (ng/mL) | 0.08 (0.04, 0.14) | 0.07 (0.03, 0.1) | 0.25 (0.11, 0.43) | 0.070 |
| ALT (U/L) | 15.74 (13, 25.7) | 15.74 (13, 23) | 20 (12, 88) | 0.787 |
| AST (U/L) | 33.21 (23.19, 42) | 31.36 (24, 40.8) | 63 (63, 63) | 0.373 |
| Cr (μmol/L) | 78 (75, 81) | 29 (22.8, 48) | 224 (45, 224.5) | 0.005 |
| LDH (U/L) | 175 (159.4, 218) | 229.35 (177.1, 367.5) | 485 (361, 609) | 0.104 |
| CK (U/L) | 68 (68, 85) | 75 (46, 112) | 62 (50.5, 80.4) | 0.540 |
| CKMB (U/L) | 52 (34, 76) | 23 (12.3, 30) | NA | 0.010 |
| D-dimer (mg/L) | 0.25 (0.16, 0.3) | 0.33 (0.25, 0.6) | NA | 0.095 |
| NEUT/LYMPH | 1.14 (1, 1.99) | 0.93 (0.46, 2.02) | 3.13 (0.02, 6.84) | 0.428 |
| PLT/LYMPH | 114.29 (77.42, 151.16) | 101.92 (61.67, 175.86) | 106.43 (74.14, 212.93) | 0.957 |
| LYMPH/MONO | NA | 2.32 (0.19, 2.87) | 4.11 (1.47, 6.75) | 0.563 |
| WBC/LYMPH | 2.13 (1.91, 2.64) | 2.27 (1.84, 3.17) | 4.83 (3.03, 8.2) | 0.089 |
The p value was calculated using the rank sum test or χ2 test where appropriate. Data are expressed as median (interquartile range) or count (percentage), if appropriate.
GGO ground-glass opacity, CT computed tomography, WBC white blood cell, NEUT neutrophil, LYMPH lymphocyte, MONO monocyte, HGB hemoglobin, PLT platelet, CRP C-reactive protein, PCT procalcitonin, ALT alanine transaminase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, Cr creatinine, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, CK creatine kinase, CKMB creatine phosphokinase-isoenzyme-MB.