Table 10.

Summary of main findings for group comparisons, classifications, and brain-behavior associations^a

	Non-AP vs Non-mus	AP vs Non-mus	AP vs Non-AP
Functional connectivity of auditory ROIs	Non-AP musicians show increased interhemispheric functional connectivity between the left and right PT	AP musicians show increased interhemispheric functional connectivity between the left and right auditory cortex (PT and HG), and between bilateral auditory cortex and right inferior frontal regions	No statistical evidence for group differences
Associations between functional connectivity of auditory ROIs and behavior	Positive association between tone-naming proficiency and functional connectivity of the right HG and associative auditory areas within musicians; negative association between age of onset and functional connectivity between right PT and right DLPFC within musicians
Functional network topology	Non-AP musicians show higher average strength and cluster coefficient, and a lower global efficiency	AP musicians show higher average strength and cluster coefficient, and a lower global efficiency	No statistical evidence for group differences
Functional subnetworks	Non-AP musicians show increased functional connectivity within subnetwork consisting of bilateral auditory cortex, bilateral inferior frontal cortex, anterior and middle temporal cortex, and inferior parietal cortex	AP musicians show increased functional connectivity within subnetwork consisting of bilateral auditory cortex, right inferior frontal cortex, left anterior temporal cortex, and inferior parietal cortex	No statistical evidence for group differences
Functional network-based classification	Statistically significant classification	—	No statistical evidence for successful classification
Structural connectivity of auditory ROIs	Non-AP musicians show increased MD in transcallosal white-matter tract connecting left and right PT	AP musicians descriptively show a trend toward increased MD in transcallosal white-matter tract connecting left and right PT	No statistical evidence for group differences
Association between structural connectivity of auditory ROIs and behavior	Negative association between age of onset of musical training and FA values and positive association with MD values of white-matter tract between left and right PT within musician groups
Structural network topology	No statistical evidence for group differences	No statistical evidence for group differences	No statistical evidence for group differences
Association between structural network topology and behavior	Positive association between age of onset and betweenness centrality in musicians
Structural subnetworks	Non-AP musicians show increased structural connectivity within a subnetwork consisting of right-hemispheric sensorimotor (preCG, postCG), medial temporal, and frontal cortex as well as bilateral perisylvian regions	AP musicians show increased structural connectivity within a subnetwork consisting of right-hemispheric sensorimotor (preCG, postCG), inferior temporal, and frontal cortex, as well as bilateral insular cortex and bilateral perisylvian regions	No statistical evidence for group differences
Structural network-based classification	No statistical evidence for successful classification	—	No statistical evidence for successful classification

^aNon-mus, Non-musicians.