Table 7.

Summarized effects and mechanisms of EBG on different targets related to ischemic stroke in in vivo and in vitro studies.

Model	Type	Tissue sites	Effects	Mechanisms	RF
Microsphere-embolized rats OGD-induced human astrocytes	In vivo In vitro	Ischemic brain stroke	↓ cerebral infarction ↓ neuronal apoptosis ↓ inflammatory cytokine level ↓ neurological deficiencies ↓ astrocyte activation	↓ phosphorylation of STAT3 and JAK2 ↓ LCN2 expression ↓ STAT3 activation ↓ neuroinflammation via the LCN2-JAK2/STAT3 pathway	[160]
MCAO in rats	In vivo	Embolic stroke	↓ infarct volume ↓ gray and white matter damage ↑ collateral circulation ↑ cerebral perfusion ↑ axonal remodeling ↑ behavioral recovery ↑ neurovascular restoration ↑ endogenous neurogenesis	↑ p-AKT, p-GSK-3β ↓ p-CRMP2 expression ↑ GAP-43 level ↓ NogoA and NgR levels	[159]
p MCAO in rats	In vivo	Focal ischemic stroke	↑ motor function ↓ neurological scores ↑ latency in rotarod test, walk speed, and the body rotation ↓ stride time and the left posterior swing length in gait	—	[164]
p MCAO in ovariectomized female mice	In vivo	Ischemic brain damage	↑ neurogenesis ↑ androgen receptor expression ↑ grip strength ↓ neurological deficits	↓ apoptosis by preventing caspase-3 cleavage and blocking the extrinsic apoptotic pathway	[161]
OGD/R-induced rat cortical capillary endothelial cell-astrocyte-neuron network	In vitro	Ischemic stroke	↑ neuron cell viability ↓ cell injury ↓ cell apoptotic rate	↑ transendothelial electrical resistance of capillary endothelial monolayers ↓ endothelial permeability coefficients for sodium fluorescein ↑ ZO-1 and occludin levels	[162]
MCAO in rats	In vivo	Acute cerebral infarction	↓ caspase-3 and Bax mRNA and protein levels ↑ Bcl-2 mRNA and protein levels	↓ apoptosis ↓ caspase-3 and Bax mRNA and protein levels ↑ Bcl-2 mRNA And protein levels	[163]
MCAO in aged mice	In vivo	Cerebral-ischemia-induced neuronal damage	↓ infarct volumes and brain edema ↓ oxidative stress	↓ ERK activation ↑ phosphatase PP2A	[157]
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice	In vivo	Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury	↓ cerebral infarct size, edema, and neurological deficit score	↓ TWEAK-Fn14 axis	[165]
MCAO in mice	In vivo	Subacute stroke	↑ survival rate, neurological and motor functions ↑ histopathological changes ↓ cerebral infarction ↓ edema volume	↓ G-CSF, E-selectin and MAC-1 levels ↓ granulocyte adhesion and diapedesis	[166]