Table 1.
Laboratory profile of pediatric patients with sickle cell anemia (HbSS), hemoglobin SC disease (HbSC), and healthy controls (HC).
| Parameter | HbSS N = 84 (mean ± SD) |
HbSC N = 39 (mean ± SD) |
HC N = 59 (mean ± SD) |
p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hemoglobin pattern | ||||
| Fetal hemoglobin (%) | 9.79 ± 6.17 | 2.69 ± 1.42 | 0.63 ± 0.51 | <0.0001 |
| S hemoglobin (%) | 86.64 ± 6.41 | 51.17 ± 6.31 | — | <0.0001∗ |
| Hematological parameters | ||||
| RBC (×106/mL) | 2.68 ± 0.59 | 4.30 ± 0.57 | 4.70 ± 0.34 | <0.0001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 7.83 ± 1.30 | 11.14 ± 1.23 | 12.90 ± 0.94 | <0.0001 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 24.19 ± 4.00 | 34.73 ± 3.61 | 38.79 ± 2.59 | <0.0001 |
| MCV (fL) | 91.70 ± 10.54 | 80.67 ± 7.80 | 82.62 ± 4.77 | <0.0001 |
| MCH (ρg) | 29.73 ± 3.66 | 25.89 ± 2.53 | 27.48 ± 1.79 | <0.0001 |
| MCHC (%) | 32.39 ± 0.97 | 32.08 ± 0.94 | 33.25 ± 0.68 | <0.0001 |
| Reticulocyte count (%) | 9.25 ± 4.63 | 4.06 ± 2.50 | 0.86 ± 0.28 | <0.0001 |
| Leukocyte count (/mL) | 14734.52 ± 5090.44 | 9802.56 ± 5988.29 | 7313.56 ± 2448.04 | <0.0001 |
| Neutrophil count (/mL) | 5972.00 ± 473.00 | 4349.00 ± 2095.00 | 3430.15 ± 1937.21 | <0.0001 |
| Eosinophil count (/mL) | 751.70 ± 423.40 | 562.00 ± 462.20 | 452.36 ± 467.08 | <0.0001 |
| Lymphocyte count (/mL) | 5953.00 ± 1973.00 | 3076.00 ± 1241.00 | 2889.17 ± 957.95 | <0.0001 |
| Monocyte count (/mL) | 882.00 ± 311.10 | 459.90 ± 254.80 | 510.16 ± 221.06 | <0.0001 |
| Platelet count (×103/mL) | 439.18 ± 128.10 | 319.33 ± 175.30 | 313.73 ± 67.59 | <0.0001 |
| Biochemical parameters | ||||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 122.00 ± 25.38 | 119.00 ± 25.96 | 157.85 ± 33.41 | <0.0001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 32.20 ± 9.40 | 41.62 ± 12.62 | 48.19 ± 14.75 | <0.0001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 67.39 ± 22.50 | 59.77 ± 21.03 | 88.87 ± 33.30 | <0.0001 |
| VLDL-C (mg/dL) | 22.36 ± 10.01 | 17.44 ± 5.20 | 19.60 ± 10.34 | 0.0180 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 111.96 ± 50.02 | 87.87 ± 26.16 | 97.75 ± 51.47 | 0.0150 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 3.39 ± 1.81 | 1.75 ± 1.05 | 0.57 ± 0.23 | <0.0001 |
| Direct bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.81 ± 0.51 | 0.47 ± 0.27 | 0.23 ± 0.07 | <0.0001 |
| Indirect bilirubin (mg/dL) | 2.58 ± 1.66 | 1.27 ± 0.97 | 0.30 ± 0.20 | <0.0001 |
| LDH (U/L) | 1054.20 ± 522.09 | 518.38 ± 293.41 | 420.90 ± 87.15 | <0.0001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 24.31 ± 15.90 | 20.17 ± 11.78 | 18.22 ± 8.12 | <0.0001 |
| AST (U/L) | 56.79 ± 26.92 | 33.15 ± 14.94 | 33.78 ± 12.16 | <0.0001 |
| Total protein (g/dL) | 7.31 ± 0.99 | 7.24 ± 0.67 | 7.08 ± 0.65 | 0.1450 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.99 ± 0.77 | 4.06 ± 0.54 | 4.19 ± 0.49 | 0.577 |
| Globulin (g/dL) | 3.31 ± 0.86 | 3.17 ± 0.67 | 2.89 ± 0.55 | 0.0080 |
| Ferritin (ηg/mL) | 265.20 ± 209.10 | 152.20 ± 102.90 | 31.16 ± 13.57 | <0.0001 |
| Urea (mg/dL) | 17.55 ± 6.73 | 19.00 ± 6.49 | 21.87 ± 6.63 | <0.0001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.43 ± 0.18 | 0.54 ± 0.15 | 0.58 ± 0.18 | <0.0001 |
| Alpha-1 antitrypsin (mg/dL) | 166.92 ± 40.75 | 139.95 ± 42.45 | 148.50 ± 44.04 | <0.0001 |
RBC: red blood cells; MCV: mean corpuscular volume; MCH: mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC: mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VLDL-C: very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; N: number; SD: standard deviation. All p values were obtained using the Kruskal-Wallis test, with the exception of (∗), which indicates a p value obtained from the ordinary one-way ANOVA.