FIGURE 1.

Calcifications in human coronaries. (A,B,D,G,H,I,J) Images in the top row are Movat pentachrome stained, and (C,E,F) Images are H&E stained; lower row shows high power image; corresponding to (A) Is Von Kossa staining and all others are H&E. Non-decalcified arterial segments (A) And all others are decalcified segments (B–J). (A) Pathological intimal thickening characterized by a lipid pool (IP) that lacks VSMCs. Corresponding high power image (Von Kossa staining) of the boxed area shows microcalcification <15 μm in diameter within the LP. (B) Fibroatheroma showing an early necrotic core (NC) infiltrated by macrophages which are calcified, seen as punctate (≥15 μm) areas of calcification. (C) Fibroatheroma with a late NC and fragmented calcification seen toward the medial wall. (D) Late fibroatheroma with larger area of calcification occupying an area greater than 1 mm that shows calcification of the NC. (E) Fibrocalcific plaque with sheet calcification and calcifying NC, which is incompletely calcified. (F) Fibrocalcific plaque showing sheet calcium with both fibrous tissue and NC completely calcified. (G) Fibrocalcific plaque with sheet calcium without a NC. (H) Nodular calcification showing fragment of calcium separated by fibrin and lumina I coverage by fibrous cap. (I) Calcified nodule showing nodules of calcium within the lumen and an overlying thrombus. (J) Fibrocalcific plaque with an area of ossification at the edge of sheet calcification. Ca⁺⁺, calcification; FC, fibrous cap; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin; N, nodule. From Jinnouchi et al. (2020), with permission from Elsevier.