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. 2021 Mar 22;11:6521. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85180-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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BBB opening and recorded acoustic emissions with passive cavitation measurements. (a) T1-weighted MR imaging showing sonication of tumor and peritumoral region. BBB closure demonstrated at 72 h after FUS. (b) Evans blue staining demonstrates BBB disruption on gross histology. (c) In vivo passive cavitation detection measurements confirmed that stable cavitation dominated throughout ultrasound treatment. Acoustic energy emitted by the microbubbles was higher in the beginning of the treatment, and gradually decreased due to microbubble clearance from the vasculature. (d) Spectrogram of the entire treatment session. Higher harmonic emissions were detected, with no substantial increase in the broadband floor after microbubble entrance into the focal volume. (e) Stable harmonic cavitation levels rose slightly after microbubble administration at 0 and 60 s and remained relatively constant throughout the sonication. Stable ultraharmonic (blue line) and inertial cavitation levels (red line) showed an absence of violent cavitation events. FFT = fast Fourier transform.