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. 2021 Mar 9;8:591830. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.591830

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Copyright © 2021 Yang, Chen, Li, Zhu, Chen, Hou, Cao, Zang, Li and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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d-Limonene alleviates pulmonary fibrosis (PF) by inhibiting PI3K/Akt/IKK-α/NF-κB p65 signaling pathways. (A) Western blot analysis of the protein levels of IKK-α and IκBα in lung tissues. (B) Densitometric analysis of IKK-α and IκBα in the immunoblots, using β-actin as the internal reference. (C) The mRNA expression levels of PI3K, Akt, and NF-κB p65 in each group detected by qRT-PCR. (D) The average optical density of PI3K, Akt, and NF-κB p65. (E–I) Western blot analysis of PI3K (F), Akt (G,H), NF-κB p65 (I) protein expression, and phosphorylation level in lung tissue. (J–L) Immunohistochemical staining of PI3K- (J), AKT- (K), and NF-κB p65 (L)-positive cells in the lungs. Data are presented as the means ± SD (n = 3), ^#comparison with the control group, and *comparison with the bleomycin (BLM) group. ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01; *P < 0.05; and **P < 0.01.