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. 2021 Mar 23;6:124. doi: 10.1038/s41392-021-00491-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — The adaptive transition within GSCs classifications. Therapeutic sensitive GSCs like PN GSCs can transform into MES GSCs which show resistance to cancer treatment. PN GSCs mostly dependent on glycolysis, and MES GSCs switch its metabolism between glycolysis and OXPHOS. PN GSCs metabolize glucose while MES GSCs can switch between glucose and glutamine. The Notch and Wnt pathway are preferentially activated in PN GSCs; the activation of TGF-β pathway and NF-κB pathway are mostly observed in MES GSCs