Table 1. Baseline characteristics of participants.
| Variables | Total (n = 112) | No exercise (n = 21) | Home- or hospital-based exercise (n = 61) | Both home- and hospital-based exercise (n = 30) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 62.6 ± 12.7 | 62.5 ± 13.2 | 61.3 ± 12.3 | 65.4 ± 13.1 | 0.346 | |
| Sex (male) | 82 (73.2) | 18 (85.7) | 42 (68.9) | 22 (73.3) | 0.375 | |
| Cause of ESRD | 0.780 | |||||
| Diabetic nephropathy | 56 (50.0) | 12 (57.1) | 30 (49.2) | 14 (46.7) | ||
| Hypertensive nephrosclerosis | 10 (8.9) | 0 (0) | 7 (11.7) | 3 (10.0) | ||
| Glomerulonephritis | 6 (5.4) | 2 (9.5) | 4 (6.7) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Polycystic kidney disease | 3 (2.7) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.3) | 1 (3.3) | ||
| Others | 13 (11.6) | 3 (14.3) | 6 (10.0) | 4 (13.3) | ||
| Unknown | 24 (21.4) | 4 (19.0) | 12 (20.0) | 8 (26.7) | ||
| Past medical history | ||||||
| Diabetes | 72 (64.3) | 17 (81.0) | 38 (62.3) | 17 (56.7) | ||
| Hypertension | 109 (97.3) | 21 (100.0) | 60 (98.4) | 28 (93.3) | ||
| Cerebro-cardiovascular disease | 42 (37.5) | 8 (38.1) | 21 (34.4) | 13 (43.3) | ||
| Peripheral artery obstructive disease | 10 (8.9) | 4 (18.9) | 5 (8.2) | 1 (27.0) | ||
| Malignancy | 9 (8.0) | 2 (9.5) | 4 (6.6) | 3 (10.0) | ||
| Chronic liver disease | 9 (8.0) | 1 (4.8) | 4 (6.6) | 4 (13.3) | ||
| No exercise | 21 (18.8) | 21 (100.0) | ||||
| Regular home-based exercise | 88 (78.6) | 58 (95.1) | ||||
| Hospital-based intradialytic resistance exercise | 33 (29.5) | 3 (4.9) | ||||
| Both home- and hospital-based exercise | 30 (26.8) | 30 (100.0) | ||||
| Dry weight, kg | 61.6 ± 10.6 | 60.1 ± 8.8 | 61.7 ± 12.1 | 62.6 ± 8.6 | 0.721 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.7 ± 3.3 | 21.8 ± 3.1 | 22.6 ± 3.4 | 23.4 ± 3.2 | 0.251 | |
| HD vintage, mon | 34 (11–62) | 25 (8–62) | 42 (18–74) | 21 (7–41) | 0.030 | |
| Kt/V | 1.43 ± 0.19 | 1.34 ± 0.15 | 1.47 ± 0.21 | 1.42 ± 0.17 | 0.025 | |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 10.5 (9.9–11.1) | 9.9 (9.3–10.9) | 10.4 (10.0–11.2) | 10.6 (10.2–11.3) | 0.068 | |
| Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL | 59 (48–77) | 42 (41–72) | 63 (49–80) | 58 (50–75) | 0.251 | |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 9.27 ± 2.52 | 8.07 ± 2.66 | 9.71 ± 2.62 | 9.22 ± 1.92 | 0.035 | |
| Serum albumin, g/dL | 4.0 (3.8–4.3) | 3.6 (3.2–3.9) | 4.1 (3.9–4.3) | 4.0 (3.9–4.2) | < 0.001 | |
| Serum calcium, mg/dL | 8.8 ± 0.6 | 8.4 ± 0.6 | 8.9 ± 0.5 | 8.8 ± 0.6 | 0.007 | |
| Serum phosphorus, mg/dL | 4.6 ± 1.3 | 4.2 ± 1.5 | 4.8 ± 1.2 | 4.4 ± 1.1 | 0.103 | |
| Total CO2, meq/L | 19.6 ± 3.7 | 19.4 ± 3.3 | 19.6 ± 3.6 | 20.0 ± 4.0 | 0.808 | |
| hs-CRP, mg/dL | 0.14 (0.05–0.48) | 0.41 (0.18–1.51) | 0.09 (0.04–0.30) | 0.08 (0.03–0.56) | 0.001 | |
| Intact PTH, pg/mL | 146.1 (77.8–238.7) | 114.9 (60.4–166.1) | 149.2 (70.9–269.2) | 148.7 (96.2–264.8) | 0.331 | |
| Iron, μg/dL | 63 (47–79) | 59 (51–84) | 67 (50–79) | 60 (44–90) | 0.692 | |
| TIBC, μg/dL | 229 (187–263) | 179 (166–229) | 238 (196–270) | 234 (189–266) | 0.004 | |
| Transferrin saturation, % | 28.9 (21.0–38.8) | 36.2 (21.7–42.0) | 27.3 (22.7–36.0) | 27.2 (17.5–40.9) | 0.326 | |
| Hand grip strength, (opposite the fistula side, kg) | 21.8 (17.0–29.2) | 18.4 (11.4–23.9) | 24.7 (18.5–30.3) | 21.6 (16.6–25.3) | 0.013 | |
| Male | 25.1 (19.7–30.4) | 18.9 (13.1–24.9) | 28.5 (24.0–32.1) | 23.9 (19.7–28.1) | 0.001 | |
| Female | 17.0 (14.5–20.5) | 11.1 (11.1–11.1) | 18.4 (16.6–20.6) | 15.8 (13.9–21.0) | 0.210 | |
| Leg muscle strength (better side, kg) | 26.9 (20.3–33.5) | 24.5 (14.5–30.8) | 30.4 (20.5–36.8) | 24.0 (19.4–30.4) | 0.107 | |
| Male | 30.1 (23.0–37.2) | 24.5 (14.5–30.8) | 33.1 (24.9–43.2) | 27.8 (22.4–31.3) | 0.005 | |
| Female | 20.4 (15.8–25.0) | None | 20.3 (15.1–25.8) | 21.8 (17.8–25.5) | 0.849 | |
Continuous variables are expressed as the mean ± SD (normal distribution) or median (25–75 percentile) (non-normal distribution), and categorical variables are expressed as number (%).
BMI = body mass index, ESRD = end stage renal disease, HD = hemodialysis, hs-CRP = highly sensitive C-reactive protein, TIBC = total iron-binding capacity.