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. 2021 Mar 22;7:31. doi: 10.1038/s41523-021-00232-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Abbreviations BCS: breast conserving surgery; iIBC: ipsilateral invasive breast cancer; FFPE: formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded; LCIS: lobular carcinoma in situ; IHC: immunohistochemistry. The cohort consisted of 2658 women with primary DCIS treated with BCS alone, of which 374 women developed subsequent iIBC, as first invasive cancer. At the start of the study, we received FFPE blocks of 255 and 915 controls. Some patients were excluded because no matched case or control was available for the case–control set they were part of. In total, 108 cases and 168 controls were included in the study.