Table 4.
Adjusted association among delay aversion, A1C, self-care, and quality of life
| Sample characteristic | A1C | General diet | Specific diet | Exercise | Blood glucose testing | Foot care | PCS | MCS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) | |
| Delay aversion | −0.01 (−0.05; 0.03) | −0.06* (−0.10; −0.01) | −0.03* (−0.07; −0.01) | −0.03 (−0.08; 0.02) | −0.04 (−0.10; 0.02) | −0.11*** (−0.16; −0.05) | 0.14 (−0.15; 0.43) | −0.38* (−0.71; −0.06) |
| Age | −0.03** (−0.05; −0.01) | 0.02 (−0.01; 0.04) | 0.01 (−0.01; 0.02) | 0.01 (−0.01; 0.04) | 0.01 (−0.02; 0.05) | 0.01 (−0.01; 0.04) | 0.08 (−0.09; 0.26) | 0.15 (−0.05; 0.35) |
| Years of education | 0.02 (−0.05; 0.08) | 0.05 (−0.02; 0.13) | 0.01 (−0.06; 0.06) | 0.06 (−0.02; 0.14) | −0.04 (−0.14; 0.07) | −0.11* (−0.21; −0.02) | −0.04 (−0.43; 0.34) | −0.14 (−0.58; 0.31) |
| Hours worked per week | 0.01 (−0.01; 0.01) | −0.01 (−0.02; 0.01) | −0.01 (−0.02; 0.01) | −0.01 (−0.01; 0.01) | −0.01 (−0.03; 0.01) | −0.01 (−0.02; 0.01) | 0.01 (−0.09; 0.12) | −0.04 (−0.17; 0.08) |
| Health status | −0.01 (−0.24; 0.21) | 0.17 (−0.09; 0.42) | 0.12 (−0.08; 0.33) | 0.60*** (0.31; 0.89) | −0.23 (−0.62; 0.08) | 0.08 (−0.23; 0.39) | 3.96*** (2.26; 5.66) | 1.74 (−0.17; 3.66) |
| Diabetes duration | 0.03*** (0.01; 0.06) | −0.01 (−0.03; 0.01) | −0.01 (−0.03; 0.01) | −0.01 (−0.04; 0.01) | 0.07*** (0.03; 0.09) | 0.02 (−0.01; 0.05) | −0.09 (−0.22; 0.05) | 0.11 (−0.04; 0.26) |
| VA medical center | −0.03 (−0.51; 0.44) | −0.13 (−0.66; 0.40) | 0.16 (−0.26; 0.58) | 0.03 (−0.57; 0.63) | 0.24 (−0.48; 0.96) | 0.25 (−0.39; 0.90) | 0.83 (−2.78; 4.45) | −2.54 (−6.62; 1.53) |
| Male sex | 0.15 (−0.33; 0.64) | 0.29 (−0.27; 0.85) | −0.32 (−0.76; 0.13) | 0.30 (−0.33; 0.93) | −0.08 (−0.84; 0.68) | −0.25 (−0.94; 0.43) | −0.60 (−4.24; 3.03) | 3.92 (−0.17; 8.02) |
| Married | 0.01 (−0.39; 0.40) | −0.05 (−0.51; 0.41) | −0.05 (−0.41; 0.32) | −0.10 (−0.62; 0.42) | 0.31 (−0.32; 0.93) | 0.01 (−0.56; 0.57) | 0.69 (−2.12; 3.51) | −1.00 (−4.17; 2.17) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| Black | 0.21 (−0.21; 0.63) | −0.01 (−0.48; 0.47) | 0.22 (−0.16; 0.60) | 0.56* (0.02; 1.09) | 0.04 (−0.61; 0.69) | 0.44 (−0.15; 1.02) | 3.20* (0.53; 5.88) | 0.94 (−2.08; 3.95) |
| Hispanic/other | −0.05 (−1.02; 0.92) | 0.44 (−0.67; 1.56) | 0.77 (−0.12; 1.66) | 0.65 (−0.62; 1.91) | −0.41 (−1.94; 1.11) | −0.12 (−1.49; 1.25) | 1.65 (−5.84; 9.15) | 11.76** (3.30; 20.22) |
| Insurance | ||||||||
| Private | 0.17 (−0.52; 0.87) | −0.18 (−0.98; 0.61) | −0.17 (−0.80; 0.46) | −0.18 (−1.08; 0.71) | 0.45 (−0.63; 1.53) | 0.24 (−0.73; 1.21) | 2.76 (−1.82; 7.35) | −3.59 (−8.77; 1.58) |
| Government | 0.31 (−0.26; 0.89) | −0.19 (−0.85; 0.46) | 0.08 (−0.44; 0.61) | −0.31 (−1.05; 0.43) | 0.85 (−0.45; 1.75) | 0.70 (−0.10; 1.51) | 1.91 (−2.09; 5.91) | −2.90 (−7.42; 1.61) |
| Income, USD | ||||||||
| 10,000–19,999 | −0.06 (−0.64; 0.52) | −0.35 (−1.02; 0.34) | 0.18 (−0.35; 0.71) | −0.54 (−1.30; 0.21) | 0.26 (−0.65; 1.18) | 0.10 (−0.72; 0.92) | 1.64 (−1.94; 5.23) | −1.07 (−5.12; 2.97) |
| 20,000–34,999 | 0.55 (−0.10; 1.21) | −0.32 (−1.08; 0.043) | 0.35 (−0.25; 0.96) | −0.56 (−1.41; 0.29) | −0.23 (−1.27; 0.79) | 0.01 (−0.91; 0.94) | −2.02 (−6.21; 2.17) | 0.39 (−4.33; 5.12) |
| ≥35,000 | 0.22 (−0.46; 0.90) | −0.17 (−0.95; 0.61) | 0.38 (−0.23; 1.01) | −0.86 (−1.74; 0.02) | −0.32 (−1.38; 0.75) | 0.02 (−0.94; 0.98) | −0.85 (−5.07; 3.36) | 1.05 (−3.69; 5.81) |
Reference groups: academic medical center site, female sex, not married, White race, no insurance, income <$10,000. B, unstandardized β coefficient; VA, Veterans Affairs.
Statistically significant at *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001.