Table 1.
Clinical baseline characteristics stratified by metabolic phenotypes
| Clinical parameters | MHN (n = 1,345) | MHO (n = 818) | P value | MUN (n = 975) | MUO (n = 1,243) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 60.2 ± 8.3 | 58.6 ± 7.6 | <0.001 | 62.9 ± 8.6 | 60.1 ± 7.8 | <0.001 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 673 (50.0) | 412 (50.4) | 0.894 | 453 (46.5) | 579 (46.6) | 0.966 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 25.7 ± 2.9 | 34.9 ± 4.5 | <0.001 | 26.4 ± 2.6 | 35.6 ± 4.6 | <0.001 |
| Racial or ethnic minority, n (%) | 256 (19.1) | 159 (19.6) | 0.778 | 272 (28.1) | 290 (23.4) | 0.014 |
| Cardiac risk factors | ||||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 378 (28.1) | 389 (47.6) | <0.001 | 893 (91.6) | 1,144 (92.0) | 0.755 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | — | 303 (31.1) | 593 (47.7) | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 627 (46.6) | 307 (37.5) | <0.001 | 899 (92.2) | 1,111 (89.4) | 0.028 |
| Family history of premature CAD, n (%) | 443 (33.1) | 249 (30.6) | 0.235 | 305 (31.3) | 435 (35.1) | 0.069 |
| Peripheral or cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 45 (3.4) | 26 (3.2) | 0.901 | 80 (8.2) | 69 (5.6) | 0.016 |
| Current or former tobacco use, n (%) | 719 (53.5) | 427 (52.2) | 0.594 | 487 (50.0) | 600 (48.3) | 0.441 |
| Sedentary lifestyle, n (%) | 522 (38.9) | 417 (51.1) | <0.001 | 458 (47.1) | 714 (57.4) | <0.001 |
| History of depression, n (%) | 233 (17.3) | 156 (19.1) | 0.326 | 183 (18.8) | 289 (23.3) | 0.010 |
| Mean combined Diamond-Forrester and Coronary Artery Surgery Study risk score* | 52.1 ± 21.0 | 51.7 ± 21.7 | 0.665 | 55.4 ± 21.1 | 53.5 ± 21.3 | 0.038 |
| ASCVD risk score | 10.7 ± 8.2 | 10.5 ± 7.4 | 0.424 | 18.3 ± 13.1 | 17.5 ± 13.2 | 0.149 |
| Relevant medication, n (%) | ||||||
| Aspirin | 468 (37.8) | 327 (42.8) | 0.031 | 481 (50.3) | 620 (50.5) | 0.931 |
| ACE inhibitor or ARB | 195 (15.8) | 235 (30.7) | <0.001 | 557 (58.2) | 807 (65.7) | <0.001 |
| β-Blocker | 175 (14.1) | 168 (22.0) | <0.001 | 297 (31.0) | 393 (32.0) | 0.643 |
| Statin | 364 (29.4) | 186 (24.3) | 0.013 | 619 (64.7) | 741 (60.3) | 0.037 |
| Primary presenting symptom, n (%) | ||||||
| Chest pain | 1,027 (76.5) | 599 (73.2) | 0.100 | 700 (71.8) | 891 (71.7) | 1.000 |
| Dyspnea on exertion | 157 (11.7) | 121 (14.8) | 0.040 | 141 (14.5) | 204 (16.4) | 0.215 |
| Others | 159 (11.8) | 98 (12.0) | 0.945 | 134 (13.7) | 147 (11.8) | 0.198 |
| Type of angina, n (%) | 0.532 | 0.988 | ||||
| Typical | 127 (9.4) | 89 (10.9) | 125 (12.8) | 157 (12.6) | ||
| Atypical | 1,050 (78.1) | 632 (77.3) | 761 (78.1) | 971 (78.1) | ||
| Nonanginal pain | 168 (12.5) | 97 (11.9) | 89 (9.1) | 115 (9.3) |
Racial or ethnic minority group was self-reported, with the status of “minority” being defined by the patient. A family history of premature CAD was defined as diagnosis of the disease in a male first-degree relative before 55 years of age or in a female first-degree relative before 65 years of age.
ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker.
*
Combined Diamond-Forrester and Coronary Artery Surgery Study risk scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating a greater likelihood of obstructive CAD.