Table 2.
Differences in structural and cognitive metrics between diabetes and control groups estimated on the basis of longitudinal mixed-effects modeling
| Primary outcome | Group difference at age 6 years | Group difference at age 8 years | Group difference at age 10 years | Group difference at age 12 years | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Est. | 95% CI | ES* | P value | Est. | 95% CI | ES* | P value | Est. | 95% CI | ES* | P value | Est. | 95% CI | ES* | P value | |
| Neurocognitive | ||||||||||||||||
| FSIQ | −4.15 | (−7.39, −0.92) | −0.31 | 0.012 | −3.81 | (−6.68, −0.93) | −0.32 | 0.009 | −3.46 | (−6.21, −0.70) | −0.30 | 0.014 | −3.11 | (−6.02, −0.20) | −0.26 | 0.036 |
| PIQ | −3.37 | (−7.24, 0.51) | −0.21 | 0.089 | −2.70 | (−6.03, 0.63) | −0.20 | 0.113 | −2.02 | (−5.04, 1.00) | −0.16 | 0.189 | −1.35 | (−4.38, 1.67) | −0.11 | 0.381 |
| VIQ | −3.83 | (−7.06, −0.60) | −0.29 | 0.020 | −3.90 | (−6.73, −1.06) | −0.33 | 0.007 | −3.97 | (−6.72, −1.22) | −0.35 | 0.005 | −4.04 | (−7.04, −1.03) | −0.32 | 0.008 |
| Structural MRI | ||||||||||||||||
| Total brain volume (mm3) | −15,410 | (−35,703, 4,883) | −0.18 | 0.137 | −21,159 | (−41,807, −511) | −0.24 | 0.045 | −25,548 | (−46,805, −4,291) | −0.29 | 0.018 | −28,577 | (−50,249, −6,906) | −0.32 | 0.010 |
| Gray matter (mm3) | −8,604 | (−20,711, 3,504) | −0.17 | 0.164 | −11,869 | (−23,883, 145) | −0.24 | 0.053 | −14,375 | (−26,730, −2,021) | −0.28 | 0.023 | −16,123 | (−28,662, −3,584) | −0.31 | 0.012 |
| White matter (mm3) | −6,426 | (−15,986, 3,133) | −0.16 | 0.188 | −8,486 | (−18,339, 1,367) | −0.21 | 0.091 | −10,430 | (−20,724, −136) | −0.24 | 0.047 | −12,259 | (−22,877, −1,640) | −0.28 | 0.024 |
ES, effect size; Est., estimated.
*
ES (Cohen d) were approximately calculated as 2 × t value / square root of (sample size − 1), where t values were calculated as point estimates of the group difference from mixed-effects modeling divided by their robust maximum likelihood SEs.