Table 1.
Characteristics and isCGM data of patients with diabetes and COVID-19
| Presence of the composite adverse outcome | ||
|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | |
| n | 15 | 20 |
| Age (years) | 63.2 ± 10.7 | 62.6 ± 10.7 |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 33.3 | 45.0 |
| Female | 66.7 | 55.0 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.9 ± 2.06 | 22.4 ± 3.86 |
| Current smoker | 6.67 | — |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 87.9 ± 11.0 | 87.1 ± 12.1 |
| Respiratory rate (breaths/min) | 20.0 ± 3.3 | 19.8 ± 1.7 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 142.7 ± 17.4 | 132.3 ± 19.0 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 86.7 ± 13.7 | 78.4 ± 8.81* |
| Symptoms on admission | ||
| Fever | 66.7 | 60.0 |
| Cough | 80.0 | 50.0 |
| Chest tightness | 46.7 | 35.0 |
| Fatigue | 46.7 | 30.0 |
| Gastrointestinal | — | 10.0 |
| Comorbidities on admission | ||
| Hypertension | 60.0 | 60.0 |
| Dyslipidemia | 13.3 | 20.0 |
| Coronary heart disease | 15.0 | 6.67* |
| Stroke | — | 5.00 |
| COPD | — | 5.00 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 6.67 | 10.0 |
| Hepatic diseases | — | — |
| Laboratory measurements | ||
| FPG (mg/dL) | 147 ± 70.6 | 136 ± 42.9 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.26 ± 1.35 | 6.85 ± 1.48 |
| ALT (units/L) | 23.0 ± 17.3 | 24.2 ± 18.2 |
| AST (units/L) | 19.4 ± 8.9 | 20.7 ± 11.6 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.77 ± 0.89 | 2.24 ± 2.51 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.76 ± 0.69 | 2.49 ± 0.99 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.04 ± 0.15 | 1.05 ± 0.24 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 91.7 ± 27.2 | 91.0 ± 28.1 |
| Uric acid (mmol/L) | 272.7 ± 89.2 | 320.5 ± 85.9 |
| C-reactive protein (mmol/L) | 2.05 ± 2.34 | 7.46 ± 15.93 |
| BNP (mmol/L) | 84.9 ± 200.5 | 50.2 ± 61.8* |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 14.50 ± 3.10 | 7.67 ± 8.13* |
| Sensor glucose (mg/dL) | 174 ± 49.0 | 144 ± 21.2† |
| Coefficient of variation (%) | 30.8 ± 5.54 | 25.2 ± 5.73† |
| TAR (mg/dL) by isCGM (%) | ||
| >140 | 63.3 ± 28.5 | 47.7 ± 22.9* |
| >150 | 57.9 ± 27.2 | 38.7 ± 20.3* |
| >160 | 52.1 ± 26.2 | 29.8 ± 18.0† |
| >170 | 47.4 ± 25.6 | 23.9 ± 15.6† |
| >180 | 42.4 ± 25.3 | 18.3 ± 12.9† |
| >190 | 37.2 ± 24.2 | 13.8 ± 10.6† |
| >200 | 32.9 ± 22.9 | 10.7 ± 9.0† |
| TBR (mg/dL) by isCGM (%) | ||
| <70 | 4.43 ± 11.4 | 0.54 ± 0.65† |
| Glucose-lowering medications | ||
| Metformin | 33.3 | 40.0 |
| Sulfonylureas | 33.3 | 5.00 |
| Thiazolidinediones | — | 5.00 |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | — | 5.00 |
| Insulin | 20.0 | 15.0 |
| α-Glycosidase inhibitors | 40.0 | 50.0 |
| Blood pressure–lowering medications | ||
| ACEI/ARB | 20.0 | 20.0 |
| CCB | 33.3 | 25.0 |
| β-Blocker | — | — |
| Diuretic | 6.67 | 5.00 |
| Lipid-lowering medications | — | 20.0 |
| Use of glucocorticoid | 6.67 | 20.0 |
Data are mean ± SD or % unless otherwise indicated. ACEI, ACE inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB, calcium channel blocker; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.
*
P < 0.05.
†
P < 0.01.