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. 2021 Mar 22;11:6570. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-86083-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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ELISA for LPS, LBP, CRP, and LTA for different causes of stroke and TIA vs controls. (A) The plasma levels of LPS, a component of the cell wall of all Gram-negative bacteria, were significantly higher in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), CE stroke, LAA stroke, and SVO stroke compared to age-, sex- and vascular risk factor-matched healthy controls. The difference between LPS levels in TIA and healthy control was not significant. (B) The plasma levels of CRP, the classical acute-phase protein, were significantly higher in ICH, CE stroke, LAA stroke, and SVO stroke than healthy controls. The difference of CRP levels between TIA and healthy controls was not significantly different. (C) The plasma levels of LBP, an acute-phase protein that binds to LPS, were significantly higher in patients with CE stroke, LAA stroke, and ICH compared to healthy controls. The difference between LBP levels in SVO stroke and TIA were not significantly different from controls. (D) The plasma levels of LTA, a Gram-positive bacterial component, were significantly higher in SVO stroke compared to TIA. LTA levels were lower in CE stroke and TIA compared to controls. The difference of LTA levels between LAA stroke and ICH and healthy controls was not significant. LPS lipopolysaccharide, LBP lipopolysaccharide binding protein, CRP C-reactive protein, LTA lipoteichoic acid, CE cardioembolic, LAA large artery atherosclerosis, SVO small-vessel occlusion, ICH intracerebral hemorrhagic, TIA transient ischemic attack, VRFs vascular risk factors.