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. 2021 Mar 9;12:632378. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.632378

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

PI3K signaling pathways and related target drugs in macrophages. PI3K signaling pathways have the following main effects in macrophages: 1. Cholesterol ester formation and cholesterol efflux. ①MCP-1 inhibits ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-BI expression by inhibiting PI3K/Akt activity. ②HSP27 act through PI3K/PKCζ/SP1 to promote ABCA1 expression. ③ Reductions in ARIA decrease PTEN activity, promote PI3K/Akt, and inhibit ACAT1 activity and cholesterol ester accumulation. ④ Naringenin inhibits endoplasmic reticulum-associated ATF6 activity by activating PI3K/Akt and promoting cholesterol efflux in macrophages. ⑤ PKCδ activates PI3K/Akt, increases SR-A and CD36 expression and promotes foam cell formation 2. The inflammatory response ⑥ INS/IR, GYY4137, and miR-223 attenuate the inflammatory response by activating PI3K/Akt, and negatively regulate TLR4/NF-κB; GYY4137, and miR-223, also inhibiting TLR4-mediated lipid deposition. 3. Autophagy and apoptosis. ⑦ CML promotes apoptosis by inhibiting PI3K/Akt/Caspase3/9 and PI3K/Akt/Bad. ⑧ PDT-induced ROS inhibits PI3K/Akt/mTOR, promoting autophagy and reducing the inflammatory response.