Table 1.
“Case reports meta-analysis”: characteristics of COVID-19 patients in relation with outcome
| Parameters | N | Mean (± 95%CI)a, nb | Univariate analysis OR [95%CI] for death |
Univariate analysis P (Ρ after 1000 × bootstrapping) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survivors | ||||
| Yes | 68 | 46 | NA | NA |
| No | 22 | |||
| Type of acute metabolic emergency | ||||
| DKA | 71 | 45 | NA | NA |
| EDKA | 6 | |||
| DKA/HHS | 19 | |||
| HHS | 1 | |||
| USA Origin | ||||
| USA | 71 | 36 | 1.71 [0.56–5.21] | 0.342 (0.335) |
| Other countries (except USA) | 35 | |||
| Combined DKA/HHS | ||||
| Yes | 71 | 19 | 4.72 [1.44–15.44] | 0.004 (0.006) |
| No | 52 | |||
| Male sex | ||||
| Yes | 67 | 45 | 0.97 [0.30–3.33] | 0.961 (0.955) |
| No | 22 | |||
| Age | ||||
| Mean (± 95 CI) | 67 | 47.8 [43.8–51.8] | 1.39 [0.97–2.00] per 10 increment | 0.073 (0.120) |
| BMI | ||||
| Mean (± 95 CI) | 32 | 28.6 [25.8–31.4] | 1.65 [0.92–2.97] per 5 increment | 0.096 (0.071) |
| HbA1c | ||||
| Mean (± 95 CI) | 50 | 11.7 [10.9–12.5] | 1.02 [0.82–1.26] | 0.891 (0.868) |
| New onset T1D/T2D | ||||
| Yes | 68 | 25 | 0.36 [0.10–1.25] | 0.108 (0.071) |
| No | 43 | |||
| Previous insulin treatment | ||||
| Yes | 17 | 9 | 5.99 [0.48–76.9]c | 0.165 (0.071) |
| No | 8 | |||
| Previous metformin treatment | ||||
| Yes | 18 | 10 | 0.14 [0.01–2.52]d | 0.184 (0.036) |
| No | 8 | |||
| Comorbidity number | ||||
| Mean (± 95 CI) | 55 | 1.8 [1.5–2.2] | 1.34 [0.86–2.09] per unit | 0.203 (0.171) |
| Day from onset of symptoms | ||||
| Mean (± 95 CI) | 64 | 6.6 [4.5–8.7] | 1.22 [0.83–1.80] per unit | 0.302 (0.203) |
| Disease status | ||||
| Mean (± 95 CI) | 64 | 3.0 [2.7–3.3] | 1.20 [0.90–1.60] per unit | 0.207 (0.083) |
| CRP | ||||
| Mean (± 95 CI) | 26 | 123 [76–150] | 1.60 [0.51–3.11] per 100 increment | 0.626 (0.653) |
| Ferritin | ||||
| Mean (± 95 CI) | 27 | 2075 [735–3410] | 1.54 [0.80–2.94] per 1000 increment | 0.179 (0.123) |
| D-dimers | ||||
| Mean (± 95 CI) | 29 | 3.9 [2.2–5.7] | 1.05 [0.89–1.23] per unit | 0.581 (0.595) |
| Glucose | ||||
| Mean (± 95 CI) | 71 | 626 [547–705] | 1.14 [0.97–1.33] per 100 increment | 0.115 (0.134) |
| Osmolarity | ||||
| Mean (± 95 CI) | 44 | 323 [315–331] | 1.25 [0.98–1.60] per 10 increment | 0.078 (0.076) |
| pH | ||||
| Mean (± 95 CI) | 63 | 7.13 [7.09–7.16] | 0.68 [0.44–1.04] per tenth increment | 0.074 (0.063) |
| Bicarbonates | ||||
| Mean (± 95 CI) | 47 | 9.7 [8.2–11.2] | 0.92 [0.80–1.05] per unit | 0.232 (0.301) |
| Ketones | ||||
| Mean (± 95 CI) | 15 | 5.4 [3.9–7.0] | 1.15 [0.67–1.97] per unit | 0.614 (0.325) |
| Lactates | ||||
| Mean (± 95 CI) | 22 | 4.1 [2.1–6.2] | 1.04 [0.85–1.27] per unit | 0.705 (0.602) |
| β-ΗΒ | ||||
| Mean (± 95 CI) | 16 | 5.9 [4.7–7.1] | 1.54 [0.60–3.94] per unit | 0.369 (0.052) |
| Anion gap | ||||
| Mean (± 95 CI) | 40 | 26.2 [23.5–28.9] | 1.05 [0.97–1.14] per unit | 0.249 (0.259) |
| Acute Kidney Injury | ||||
| Yes | 53 | 23 | 7.52 (1.95–28.9) | 0.003 (0.001) |
| No | 30 |
NA not applicable
aContinuous variables
bDiscrete variables
cReferring to patients with either T1D or T2D record
dReferring to patients with T2D record